இமாம் கஸ்ஸாலி (ரஹ்)

mg+ `hkpj; K`k;kj; gpd; K`k;kj; gpd; jhT]; m`;kj; mj;J}]p vd;gNj ,khk; f];]hypapd; KOg; ngau; MFk;.  vdpDk; mtu; f];]hyp vd;Nw miof;fg;gl;lhu;. jw;fhyj;jpy; Fuhrhd; gFjpapYs;s k\;`j; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJk; md;W J}]; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJkhd gpuNjrj;Jf;F mUNfAs;s jg;uhdpy; cs;s f];]hy; vDk; fpuhkj;jpy; `p[;up 450/fp.gp.1059 ,y; gpwe;jhu;. mtuJ je;ij Mo;e;j ,iw gf;jpAilatu;. jdJ ifahy; cioj;Jg; ngw;w czit kl;LNk cl;nfhz;lhu;. ,iw Neru;fSld; jdJ Nehf;fj;ijf; fopj;jhu;. vdpDk; f];]hypapd; ,sikg; gUtj;jpy; ,iwab va;jpdhu;. mtu; ,wf;f Kd; f];]hypiaAk; mtuJ rNfhjuiuAk; tsu;f;Fk; nghWg;ig mtuJ ez;gu;fspy; xUtuhd ,iwNeru; (#gp) xUtuplk; xg;gilj;jpUe;jhu;. mtupd; Nkw;ghu;itapNyNa f];]hyp tsu;e;jhu;.

f];]hyp ,sikapy; J}]; efupy; tho;e;j Nr/ m`;kj; ,g;D K`k;kj; my; w];fhdp my;J}]p vd;gtuplk; Muk;gf;fy;tpiaf; fw;whu;. Mjd; gpd; [_u;[hd; vDk; efupy; tho;e;j mg+ e];ku; ,];khapy; vd;gtuplk; fy;tp gapd;whu;. mjd;gpd; J}]; efUf;Fj; jpUk;gp te;J a+]_g; me;eg;gh]; mj;J}]p vd;gtuplk; #gprf;fiyiag; gapd;whu;. jdJ ,UgjhtJ tajpy; eprhg+upy; ,Ue;j epjhkpa;ahf; fy;Y}upapy; Nru;j;J ,khk; my; `uikd; vd;wiof;fg;gl;L tUk; m\;mupf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsUkhd mg+ my; kMyp my; [_itwp vd;gtuplk; fy;tp gapd;whu;. mf;fy;Y}upapy; rka ,ay;> \uPM> jj;Jt ,ay;> ju;f;ftpay; ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdk; j]t;Tg; Kjyhk; ghlq;fisg; gapd;whu;. khztu;fs; Rakhf rpe;jpj;J fUj;Jf;fisf; fye;JiuahlTk; tpthj muq;Ffspy; jj;jk; fUj;Jf;fis ju;f;f uPjpahf Kd;itf;fTk; ,khk; my;`uikd; tha;g;gspj;J Cf;Ftpj;jhu;. ,t;tha;g;ig ,isQu; f];]hyp gad;gLj;jpj; jd; MSikia tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. mtuJ jpwikfis mtjhdpj;j ,khk; my; `uikd; mtiu mwpTf; fly; vd;W ghuhl;bdhu;. jhd; fy;tp fw;w mNj fy;Y}upapy; Mrpupauhff; flikahw;Wk; tha;g;igAk; ngw;whu;.

eprhg;g+upy; khztuhf ,Uf;Fk; NghNj mg+ myp my; gopy; my; ghkpjp vDk; #gp mwpQuplk; #gprf; fiyiag; gapd;wJld; #gprg; gapw;rpfSk; <Lgl;bUe;jhu;. f];]hypapd; ,Ugj;jp vl;lhtJ tajpy; mtuJ Mrpupauhd ,khk; my; `uikDk; Md;kPf topfhl;bahf nraw;gl;l my;ghkpjpAk; fhykhapdu;. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; ,khk; f];]hypapd; Gfo; ehyhGwKk; gutpapUe;jJ. ,jdhy; nry;[_f; Ml;rpahsu;fspd; gpujk mikr;ruhf flikahw;wpa epjhKy; Ky;f; gf;jhJf;F tUkhW mtUf;F miog;GtpLj;jhu;. ,t;tiog;ig Vw;W mq;F nrd;w ,khk; f];]hyp nry;[_f; muritapYk; fy;tp muq;FfspYk; fye;Jnfhz;L jdJ jpwikia ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,jd; %yk; mtuJ Mw;wiyg; Gupe;Jnfhz;l gpujku; epjhKy; Ky;fp gf;jhj; epjhkpa;ahf; fy;Y}upapd; rka ,ay; Jiwapd; jiytuhf ,khk; f];]hyp (w`;) mtu;fis fp.gp.1091 ,y; epakpj;jhu;. ,jd; %yk; md;iwa r%fj;jpy; epytpa fy;tpj;Jiwapd; cr;r gjtpiaAk; mur kl;lj;jpy; nry;thf;ifAk; ngw;whu;. ,jdhy; K];ypk; r%fj;jpYk; mtu; ngUk; nry;thf;ifAk; ngw;whu;. nry;;[_f; kd;dd; kypf;\h> mtuJ gpujk mikr;ru; epjhKy; Ky;f;> ghurPfj;jpd; Vida rpw;wuRfspd; jiytu;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; mtiug; ngupJk; kjpj;jdu;. K];ypk; Ml;rpahsu;fspilNa Vw;gl;l gpur;rpidfspd; Nghnjy;yhk; rkhjhdj; J}Jtuhf nrd;W rpwg;Gg; gzpGupe;jhu;. ,];yhkpa rl;ltpay;> rka ,ay;> jj;Jt ,ay; nka;Q;Qhdtpay; xOf;ftpay; Kjyhk; Jiwfspy; Mokhd mwpTilatuhf ,Ue;jhu;. ,jd; %yk; K];ypk; cyfpd; Gfo;kpF Kjy; kdpjuhf fzpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Ml;rpahsu;fsJk; mwpQu;fsJk; ghuhl;il mtu; Vffhyj;jpy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. ,jdhy; ‘`[;[Jy; ,];yhk;’ i]Ds; Mg;jPd;> ‘K[j;jpj;’ vd;nwy;yhk; gl;lk; #l;b nfsutpj;jdu;. ,t;thnwy;yhk; mtu; Gfo; Vzpapd; cr;rj;ij mile;jpUe;j NghJk; mtupd; cs;sk; mwptpay; uPjpahdJk; Md;kPf uPjpahdJkhd csf;fpsu;r;rp xd;Wf;F MshfpaJ. ,ay;ghfNt mtuplk; ,Ue;j tpku;rd uPjpahf Nehf;Fk; kdg;ghq;Fk; gy;NtW JiwfspYk; mtu; ngw;wpUe;j Mokhd mwpTk; md;iwa K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; cz;ik epiyiag; Gyg;gLj;jpd. ,g;Gyg;ghNl mtuJ csf; fpsu;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhfpaJ.

nfhs;iff;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J Ml;rp nra;j Fyghcu;uhrpJ}d;fspd; gz;gpy; ,Ue;J Ml;rpahyu;fs; tpyfp Nfhj;jpu czu;tpd; top Ml;rp nra;J nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mtu;fs; nrhFR tho;f;ifapy; %o;fpapUe;J kl;Lkd;wp ,];yhkpa mwptpYk; Fd;wpapUe;jdu;. jFjpahdtu;fisj; Nju;e;J vLj;J gjtpfspy; epakpf;Fk; Mw;wYk; mtu;fSf;F ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

f];]hyp (w`;) tho;e;j fhyj;J K];ypk; r%fk; egpfshu; (]y;) mtu;fSk; ]`hghf;fSk; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;j r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntFJ}uk; tpyfp ,Ue;jJ. tsu;e;J nry;Yk; Gjpa r%fk; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; gpur;rpidfs; \upMtpd; top epd;W jPu;j;Jf;nfhLf;Fk; Mw;wy; cs;s cykhf;fSk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mtu;fs; Raey Nehf;fpy; nraw;gl;L thjg; gpujpthjq;fspy; fye;J fhyj;ijf; fopj;jdu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf rka cl;gpupTfSk; mtw;wpw;fpilNa Kuz;ghLfSk; gpsTfSk; Njhd;wpapUe;jd.

gFj;jwpTf;F Kjd;ik nfhLj;j fpNuf;f jj;Jt ,aiy mjd; mbtUbfs; K];ypk;fspilNa jPtpukhfg; gug;gpdu;. mjdhy; rka ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilNa jfu;j;Jtplf; $basT K];ypk;fspilNa mJ CLWtpaJ. rka mwpQu;fshf ,Ue;j K];ypk;fs; jj;Jt ,aiy mwpahjtu;fshfTk;> jj;Jt ,aw;fiyia mwpe;jpUe;j K];ypk;fs; rka mwpT Fd;wpatu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. mjdhy; mf;fhy K];ypk; mwpQu;fshy; fpNuf;f jj;Jtf; fiyapd; gil vLg;igj; jLj;J epWj;j Kbatpy;iy. ,jdhy; ,];yhk; gFj;jwpTf;F xt;thjJ vd;Wk; gFj;jwptpd; rthiy ,];yhj;jhy; vjpu;nfhs;s KbahJ vd;Wk; nghJkf;fs; fUjpdu;.

R%fj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lj;JiwAk; tPo;r;rpaile;jpUe;jJ. gyjuj;J kf;fSk; Fu;Md;> Rd;dh $Wk; topfhl;liy myl;rpag;gLj;jpdu;. xU Kd;khjpupahf ,Ue;j K];ypk; r%fk; mtuJ fhyj;jpy; gpw fyhrhuj; jhf;fq;fspy; rpf;Fz;L eLtop gpwo;e;jpUe;jJ. gpw fyhrhur; nry;thf;fpd; fhuzkhf K/j]pyh Nghd;w gjpide;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rpe;jidf; FOf;fSk; E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l mtw;wpd; cgFOf;fSk; r%fj;jpy; epytpd. mtw;wpy; rpytw;wpd; jPtpug; Nghf;F fhuzkhf r%fj;jpy; mikjp Fiye;jpUe;jJ. fpyhgj; gy rpw;wuRfshf rpijtile;J fyPgh nry;thf;fpoe;J eilg;gpzkhf nraw;gl;lhu;. khRgbe;j ,r;r%fKk;> Fyghcu;uhrpJ}d;fs; fhyj;Jr; rpwg;Gw;Nwhq;fpa K];ypk; r%fKk; mwpQuhd ,khk; f];]hypapd; fz;Kd; epyohbd. Jhd; tho;e;j fhyj;J K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; ifaW epiy mtiuf; ftiyf;Fs;shf;fpaJ. ,f;ftiy mtuplj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa czu;tisfNs mtiu csf; fpsu;r;rpf;Fs;shf;fpd.  ,sik Kjy; mtuplk; Fbnfhz;bUe;j tpku;rd uPjpahf Nehf;Fk; RghtKk; Mokhf rpe;jpj;J Muha;e;J ghu;f;Fk; gf;FtKk;> jd;idg; gw;wpAk; jd; r%fk; gw;wpAk; kJ guprPyid nra;a mtiuj; J}z;bd. mjd; tpisthfNt ngaiuAk; GfioAk; je;j epjhkpa;ahf; fy;Y}upapd; Nguhrpupau; gjtpiaAk; r%f murpay; / <Lghl;ilAk; cjwpj;js;sptpl;L gjpndhU tUlq;fshf r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J xJq;fp jdpj;J tho;e;jhu;.

r%fj;ij tpl;L xJq;fp thoj;jhd; vLj;j KbTgw;wp mtu; jdJ “my; Kd;fPj; kpdy;iya;y;” (gpioapy; ,Ue;J tpLjiy) vDk; E}ypy; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. “ehd; Nghjdhrpupauhf ,Ue;J Nghjid nra;J tUtjpy; ,Ue;j Nehf;fj;ijf; ftdpj;Njd;. mJ my;yh`;tpd; mUs; ngWk; Nehf;fkhf kl;Lkd;wp cyfpy; nry;thf;F kpf;f ];jhdj;ijAk; ngUikiaAk; GfioAk; ngw Ntz;Lnkd;w ehl;lkha; ,Ug;gij fz;Nld;. rupe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU kz;Nkl;bd; rpfuj;jpy; ehd; epw;gijAk;> ehd; clNd jpUj;jpf; nfhs;shtpbd; euf neUg;gpy; tpoyhk; vd;gijAk; jpz;zkhff; fz;Nld;.

,Jgw;wp njhlu;gbahf Nahrid nra;Njd;. gf;jhij tpl;L clNd ePq;fp ,e;jj; jilfis mfw;wpf; nfhs;syhk; vd;W xU ehs; KbT fl;LNtd;. kWehNsh vd; Kbitf; iftpLNtd;. xU fhiy Kd;itg;Ngd;. kWfhiyg; gpd;itg;Ngd;.…. ,j;jifatpjkha; cyf Mrhghr vz;zq;fSf;Fk; mku tho;T gw;wpa vz;zq;fSf;FkpilNa mfg;gl;L miyf;fopf;fg;gl;Nld;….. my;yh`; vd; ehit cyu itj;Jtpl;lhd;. ,jdhy; tpupTiu epfo;j;j ,ayhJ Nghapw;W.… vd; khztu;fSf;F Nghjid Gupa ,ayhjgbahfptpl;lJ. ,j;Jld; cz;l rhg;ghl;il m[kpf;fr; nra;aTk; ,ayhJ Nghapw;W. …. Vd; cly; epiy Nkhrkhapw;W. ,ijf; Fzg;gLj;j KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifia itj;jpau;fs; ,oe;jdu;. ,e;jf; NfhshW kNdhtpah $yj;jhy; cz;lhfpAs;sJ. mjdhy; cly; epiy nfl;bUf;fpwJ. me;j kNdhtpah $yk; mfd;whNy cly; eyk; ngWk; vd;W mtu;fs; $wptpl;ldu;. (,jd;%yk;) vd; gjtpiaAk; nry;tj;ijAk;> Foe;ijfisAk;> ez;gu;fisAk; tpl;L kdk; jpUk;Gtij mtd; my;yh`; vdf;F ,yFthdjhf;fpdhd;.”

(gpioapypUe;J tpLjiy nkhop ngau;g;ghsu; Mu;.gP.vk;.fdP)

`p[;up 488 Jy;f/jh fp.gp. 1095 etk;gu; khjj;jpy; gf;jhijtpl;L lk];f]; nrd;W mq;F ,U tUlq;fisf; fopj;jhu;. mjd; gpd; igJy; Kfj;jp]pYk; kf;fhtpYk;> kjPdhtpYk; rpy fhyq;fisf; fopj;jhu;. mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; mtu; mD\;bj;j Md;kPfg; gapw;rpfshy; gf;Ft epiy mile;jhu;. mjd; gpd;Ng fp.gp. 1105 ,y; eprhg+Uf;F kPz;Lk; jpUk;gp te;jhu;.

gjpndhU tUlq;fis nka;Q;Qhd mD\;lhdj;jpy; fopj;j ,khk; mtu;fs; gf;jhJf;Fj; jpUk;gp tUtjw;Fk; gpd;tUtd fhuzq;fsha; mike;jd. jj;Jttpayhsu;fspd; nry;thf;F> #gpf;fspd; mwpahik> rka mwpQu;fspd; Nrhk;gy; vd;gd fhuzkhf K];ypk;fspd; <khd; gytPdkile;jpUe;jJ. K];ypk;fspd; tzf;f topghLk; capNuhl;lkw;wpUe;jJ. mjdhy; ,r;r%fj;ij kPl;nlLf;f Kaw;rpg;gJ mtrpak; vd;W mtu; fUjpdhu;. ,f;fUj;ij rka rpe;jidiaAila mtuJ ez;gu;fSk; Mjupj;J vjpuhd rf;jpfis vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhl Kd;tUkhW Ml;rpahsu;fSk; mtiuf; Nfhupdhu;. ,jdhy; mtu; jdpik tho;itj; Jwe;J fp.gp. 1105,y; kPz;Lk; r%f tho;tpy; GFe;jhu;.

epfhg+upy; jd; rpe;jid topapyhd fy;tpg; Nghjidia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf xU ghlrhiyia epWtp mq;F ghlNghjid elj;jpdhu;. fyPghTk; nry;[_f; Ml;rpahsu;fSk; gf;jhJf;F te;J eprhkpa;ahf; fy;Y}upapd; rka Jiwg; Nguhrpupau; gjtpia Vw;FkhW mtiuf; Nfhupdhu;. gpd;tUk; VJf;fs; fhuzkhf mg;gjtpia jd;dhy; Vw;f Kbahnjd;W mtu; mwptpj;jhu;.

I.       jd;dplk; eprhg;g+upy; fy;tp gapYk; khztu;fs; 150 NgUk; vd;idj; njhlu;e;J gf;jhJf;F tUtjw;F kpfr; rpukg;gl Ntz;bNaw;gLk;.

II.    vdJ FLk;gk; J}]; jdpikahfj; jq;fpapUe;J rpukq;fis vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;bNaw;gLk;.

III. ehd; Vw;fdNt kfhNk ,g;wh`pkpapy; itj;J gadw;w gl;b kd;wq;fspy; xU NghJk; fye;J nfhs;tjpy;iy vd;W rj;jpak; nra;Js;Nsd;. ehd; gf;jhJf;F te;jhy; mq;F eilngWfpd;w tpthj Nkilfspy; fye;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba epu;g;ge;jk; Vw;gLk;.

IV. muz;kidf;Fr; nrd;W fyPghitr; re;jpf;fNth mtu; jUk; md;gspg;Gf;fis Vw;fNth jhd; tpUk;gtpy;iy. mNj Ntis vdJ FLk;gj;ij gupghypf;ff;$ba tUtha; jUfpd;w nrhj;Jf;fs; VJk; vdf;F gf;jhjpy; ,y;iy. Mjyhy; ehd; gf;jhJf;F tUtJ rhj;jpakpy;iy.

,khk; mtu;fs; eprhg;+upy; njhlu;e;J jq;fp njhlu;e;J fy;tpiaj; NjLtjpYk; khztu;fSf;F ghlNghjid nra;tjpYk; <Lgl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. r%fk; vjpu;Nehf;fpa mr;RWj;jy;fspy; ,Ue;J r%fj;ij tpLtpg;gjw;fhf gy E}y;fisAk; vOjpdhu;fs;. ,j;jF gzpfspy; <Lgl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ `p[;up 505/fp.gp. 1111,y; ,iwab va;jp ,khk; f];]hyp (w`;) mtu;fs; gy;Jiw rhu;e;j E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;fs;. vdpDk; mit fhy xOq;fpd;gb ml;ltizg; gLj;jg;gl;by;iy. m/jd;wp mtu;fspd; gjpg;gpf;fg;glhj E}y;fSk; cz;L. ,tw;wpw;F Nkyjpfkhf Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F mjpfhupfSf;Fk; mtu;fspd; Fiwfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b gy fbjq;fisAk; vOjpAs;shu;fs;. mtu; vOjpAs;s E}y;fs; rpytw;wpd; ngau;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

I.                            ,`;ah cY}Kj;jPd;

II.                         Kfh]pj; my; gyh]pgh

III.                      j`hGj; my; gyh]pgh

IV.                      my; Kd;fpj; kpdo;oyy;

V.                         wp]hyh my; Fj;]pa;ah

VI.                      kahu; my; ,y;k; gp gd;dpy; kd;jPf;

VII.       GJ`hJy; cY}k;

VIII.    kp\;fhj; my; md;thu;

IX.                      Kfh\ghj; my; FY}g;

X.                         my; kcupghj; my; mf;opa;ah

XI.                      kpd;`h[; my; MgpjPd;

XII.       kPjhd; my; mky;

XIII.    gpjhaJy; `pjhah

XIV.    e]p`hj; my; KY}f;

XV.       my;fp];jh]; my; Kf;j]Pk;

XVI.    Ku;\pJf; jhypgPd;

XVII. fpkpah ]Mjf;

,khk; f];]hyp (w`;) jhd; tho;e;j r%fj;jpd; rka> xOf;fwpay; epiy gw;wp tpku;rd uPjpahd kjpg;gPL xd;iw Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; Ml;rpahsu;fs; gpuGf;fs;> cykhf;fy;> nghJkf;fs;> Kjyhk; gyjuj;J kf;fSk; cyf Mrhghrq;fspy; %o;fpapUg;gij mtjhdpj;jhu;. cyf kf;fSf;F xU Kd;khjpupahf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba ,r;r%fk; jd; juk; Fd;wpapUg;gjw;fhd fhuzk; nghUshirapYk; gjtp Nkhfj;jpYk; %o;fpapUg;gNj vd;W fUjpdhu;. ,g; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; K];ypk; r%fj;ij Nkk;gLj;j ,r;r%fj;ij rPu;jpUj;jp ,];yhkpa kag;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjpNa ‘,`;ah cY}Kj;jPd;’ vd;w E}iy vOjpdhu;.

,];yhkpa r%fj;jpd; Md;kPf> xOf;f eyd;fis kWrPuikg;gjpy; ,e;E}y; tfpf;Fk; gq;F kfj;jhdJ. ,e;E}ypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,khk; f];]hypia Mjupg;gtu;fs; kl;Lkd;wp mtiu tpku;rpg;gtu;fSk; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sdu;. gy gpur;rpidfspy; ,khk; f];]hypAld; Kuz;gl;l fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;bUe;j `hgp]; ,g;Dy; [t;]p ,`;ah cY}Kj;jPd; ngw;Ws;s gpugy;aj;ijg; ghuhl;baJld; me;E}iyr; RUf;fp vOjp kpd;`h[; my; fh]pjPd; vd;w ngaupy; ntspapl;Ls;shu;. ,g;D ijkpa;ah (w`;) mtu;fs; gpd;tUk; ehd;F fhuzpfis ikakhf itj;J ,`;ah cY}Kj;jPid tpku;rpj;Js;shu;.

I.                   fpNuf;f r[e;jidj; jhf;fk; ,e;E}ypy; njd;gLfpwJ.

II.    Fu;Md;> Rd;dh vd;gtw;wpd; cgNahfj;Jld; ,ize;J nry;yhj ju;f;f uPjpahf Kd;itf;Fk; topKiwiaf; ifahz;Ls;shu;.

III. nka;Q;Qhdpfspd; rpy rpe;jidfSk; NghjidfSk; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

IV. ‘o<g;’ Md gy `jP];fis ,e;E}ypy; vLj;jhz;Ls;sd.

,f;FiwghLfs; fhuzkhfj;jhd; ,`;ah gw;wp mwpQu;fs; Kuz;ghlhd fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;shu;fs;. ,Ue;j NghJk; vy;yh mwpQu;fSk; Mjupj;Nj cs;sdu; vd;Wk; mofpa nkhop eilapyhd ey;ynjhU E}y; vd;Wk; cs;sj;ijj; J}a;ikg;gLj;j cjTk; Fu;MDf;Fk; Rd;dhTf;Fk; ,zf;fkhd Gfo; ngw;w Nghjfu;fsJk; nka;Q;QhdpfsJk;  NghjidfisAk; mDgtq;fisAk; ,e;E}y; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ vd;W ,g;D ijkpa;ah Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; vd;W mGy; `]d; mG ej;tp jdJ E}ypy;  Rl;bf;fgl;bAs;shu;.

fpNuf;f rpe;jidj; jhf;fk; mtupy; cz;L vd;W mtu; tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lhYk; fpNuf;f jj;Jttpayhsu;fs; tpku;rpj;j E}y;fis vOjp K];ypk; cyfpy; CLWtpa fpNuf;f jj;Jtf; fiyapd; gil vLg;gpd; KJF vOk;ig cilj;jtu; mtu; vd;W ghuhl;lg;gLtJ ,t;tplj;J Nehf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.

jhd; fhztpUk;gpa K];ypk; r%fj;ij edthf;fj; Njitg;gl mwpTWj;jy;fisNa ,khk; mtu;fs; ,e;E}ypy; toq;fpAs;shu;fs;. r%f tho;tpy; ,Ue;J xJq;fp jpahdj;jpy; gy Mz;Lfisf; fopj;J gf;Ftg;gLj;jpa cs epiyapy; ,Ue;J ,e;E}y; vOjg;gl;ljhy; thrpg;gtu;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; mJ ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. ,e;E}ypy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;s xt;nthU nrhy;Yf;Fk; xU fhe;j rf;jpAz;L. mJ thrfid Ml;nfhz;L mtdJ cs;sj;ij Ml;bg; gilf;fpwJ vd;W rpg;yp E/khd; Fwpg;gpLtJ Nehf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.

,khk; f];]hypapd; vOj;Jf;fis MSik nrYj;Jtjw;fhd xU fhuzp mtuJ fUj;Jf;fhd J}a;ikahd vz;zj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhf cs;sj;jpd; mbj;jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpaikahFk;. jd;idg; ghuhl;Lgtu;fspd; Gfio tpUk;gpNah tpku;rpg;gtu;fspd; tpku;rdj;ij jtpu;f;ff; fUjpNah Ml;rpahsu;fspd; Mjuit vjpu;ghu;j;Njh my;yJ mtu;fspd; nfhLikfSf;F mQ;rpNah jd; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fhJ cs;sij cs;sthW ntspg;gLj;jpaik mtuJ vOj;Jf;fSf;F Xu; MSikiaf; nfhLj;jJ.

,khk; f];]hypAk; jj;Jt ,aYk;

,khk; f];]hyp (w`;) jj;Jttpaybg;gilapyhd Ma;TfSf;F Kuz;gl;ltuy;yu;. mtNu rka ,ayhsu;fSs; jj;Jttpay; gw;wp Mokhf fw;w Kjy; K];ypkhthu;. mtUf;F Kd;G tho;e;j K];ypk; rkatpayhsu;fSy; xU gpuptpdu; fpNuf;f jj;Jttpaiy kdg;g+u;tkhf Vw;W Mjupj;jdu;. kW gpuptpdu; mjidf; fLikahf vjpu;j;jdu;. fpNuf;f jj;Jttpaiy Mjupg;gtNuh> vjpu;ghu;g;gtNuh mf;fiyapy; Mo;e;j Gyik ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij ,khk; f];]hyp nfhz;bUe;jhu;. mjdhy; jj;Jt ,ay; rhu;e;j Gfo;g+j;j E}y;fis thrpj;J Mokhf Muha;e;J mwpe;J nfhz;lhu;. mij mLj;Nj mtu; jj;Jt ,ay;gw;wpa E}y;fis vOjpdhu;. jj;Jt ,ay; gw;wp mtu; vOjpa gy E}y;fspy; kfh]pj; my;gyhrpgh (jj;Jttpayhsu;fspd; Kuz;ghLfs;) vDk; ,uz;Lk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitahFk;.

kfh]pJy; gyh]pgh vDk; E}ypy; ju;f;fk;> ngsjPfk; Metaphysics ……. vd;gd gw;wp epytpa rpj;jhe;jq;fis tpsf;fpAs;shu;. ,e;E}ypy; mtu; mup];Nlhl;ly; Kd;itj;Js;s fUj;Jf;fis tpku;rpj;Js;shu;. ,e;E}iy yj;jpd; nkhopf;F ];ghdpa jj;Jt ,ayhsuhd nlhkpd;fd; Fz;b]y;t]; vd;gtu; fp.gp. 1145 ,y; nkhopngau;j;jhu;.

,khk; f];]hyp (w`;) jdJ ‘j`hGj; my; gyh rgu;’ vDk; E}ypy; fpNuf;f jj;JttpaYf;F tf;fhsj;J thq;fpa K];ypk; jj;Jttpayhsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf; fUikahfr; rhbAs;shu;. mtu; jj;Jttpayhsu;fis %d;W FOf;fshfg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

I.       j`;upa;a+ud; - rlthjpfs;

II.    jg;,a;a+d;   - ,aw;ifthjpfs;

III. ,yh`pa;a+d; - rkathjpfs;

rlthjpfs; vd;Nghu; flTs; ek;gpf;if mw;wtu;fs;. gpugQ;rk; ,aw;ifahf; Njhd;wpaJ. mJ flTshy; gilf;fg;gltpy;iy. jhdhfj;Njhd;wpa gpugQ;rj;ij ,aw;iftpjpfs; topelj;Jfpd;wd vd;w fUj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

,aw;ifthjpfs; gilg;gpid Vw;wdu;. kdpj Md;khtpd; mopahj jd;ikapid epuhfupg;gu;. ,iwtDldhd Md;kPfj; njhlu;igAk; kWj;jdu;. kdpjdpd; kuzj;Jld; Md;khTk; mope;J NghFk; vd;W ek;gpdu;. Rtu;f;fk;> eufk; kuzj;jpd; gpd; kPs vOg;gg;Ljy; epjptprhuiz Kjyhk; ek;gpf;iffis mtu;fs; ek;Gtjpy;iy.

,khk; f];]hyp mtu;fs; Nkw;Fwpj;j ,f;FOtpdJk; Nkw;Fwpj;j fUj;Jf;fspYs;s FiwghLfis mofhf vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shu;. vdpDk; Nrhf;uB];> gpNyhl;Nlh> mwp];Nlhl;by;;; Nghd;w fpNuf;f jj;Jttpayhsu;fis mtu; rkathjpfs; FOtpy; Nru;j;Js;shu;.

fpNuf;f jj;Jttpayhsu;fspd; Nghjidfs; K];ypk; nghJkf;fspd; rka ek;gpf;iffisAk; xOf;f tho;itAk; ngupJk; ghjpf;Fk; vd;W ,khk; f];]hyp fUjpdhu;. mjdhNyNa jj;Jttpayhsu;fspd; Nghjidfisf; fLikahf tpku;rpj;jhu;. ,j;jj;Jt ,ayhsu;fs; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidfSld; Kuz;gLfpd;w ,UgJ mk;rq;fis mtu; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. mtw;ws; gpd;tUk; %d;wk;rq;fs; ,iw epuhfupg;ig cUthf;fpd;wd vd;W ,khk; f];]hyp fUJfpd;whu;.

I.       gpugQ;rk; epiyahdJ moptjpy;iy.

II.    ,iwtd; nghJ mwpTilatd; MapDk; gpuj;jpNaf mwptw;wtd;.

III. kWikapy; ,iwtd; ngsjPf clYld; vOg;gg;gLtjpy;iy.

jj;Jt ,ayhsu;fs; Kd;itj;j cyf epiyahdJ moptjpy;iy vd;w fUj;ij epuhfupg;gjw;F ,khk; f];]hyp jdJ j`hGj; my; gyh]pgh vDk; E}ypd; 25%khd gf;fq;fis xJf;fpAs;shu;. my;yh`;itj; jtpu Vida midj;Jk; mope;JtpLfpwJ vd;gNj ,];yhkpa rpe;jid my;yh`;Tld; kw;nwhd;W mopahky; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w fUj;J ,];yhkpa rpe;jidAld; ,ize;J nry;tjpy;iy vd;Nw ,khk; f];]hyp fUJfpd;whu;.

,khk; f];]hyp (w`;) mtu;fspd; E}w;fs; K];ypk; cyfpy; gutyhf thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mtuJ fUj;Jf;fs; gyjuj;J kf;fsplj;jpYk; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtij mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; mtu; gyuhy; tpku;rpf;fg;gl;L tUtJz;L. rka rpe;jidia nka;Q;Qhdj;JlDk;> jj;Jt ,aYlDk; njhlu;GWj;jp Kd;itj;jikNa mtu; tpku;rpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd Kf;fpakhd fhuzp vd;gu;. goikthjpfs; mtiu jhuhsf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu; vd;Wk; jhuhsf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; mtiug; goikthjpfs; vd;Wk; mtu; kPJ Fw;wk; Rkj;jpdu;. jj;Jt ,ayhsu; mtiu itjpf rkathjpfs; vd;Wk; itjPfr; rkaf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; mtiuj; jj;Jt ,ayhsu; vd;Wk; Fw;wk; Rkj;Jtu;. jj;Jt ,ayhsu; gad;gLj;Jk; gjg;gpuNahfq;fis mtu; gad;gLj;jpaikAk; ju;f;fuPjpahf fUj;Jf;fs; Kd;itj;jikAk; nka;Q;Qhd topKiwAld; mtUf;F ,Ue;j njhlu;Gk; ,g;D ijkpa;ah> ,g;D ifa+k;> ,g;D [t;]p Nghd;Nwhu; mtiu tpku;rpf;ff; fhuzk; vd;gu;. j]t;TGf;fhf ,];yhj;ij f];]hyp tpl;Ltpl;lhu; vd;W ,g;D [t;]pa;Ak; jj;Jt ,aYf;fhf mtu; ,];yhj;ij tpw;Wtpl;lhu; vd;W ,g;D ijkpa;ahTk; Fw;wk; Rkj;jpAs;shu;.

NfhNlhthitr; Nru;e;j fhop mop mg;Jy;yh ,khk; f];]hypapd; Mf;fq;fSf;F vjpuhf gj;th xd;iw ntspapl;lhu;. ,khk; f];]hypapd; E}y;fis itj;jUg;gtu;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fs; mgfupf;fg;gLk; my;yJ nfhiy nra;ag;gLtu; vd;W mr;RWj;jg;gl;ldu;.

Mjdhy; ];nga;dpy; ,khk; f];]hypapd; ,khk; f];]hypapd; ,`;ah> cYKj;jPd; cl;gl NkYk; gy E}y;fs; Rl;nlupf;fg;gl;ld.

,khk; f];]hypia tpku;rpj;j jj;Jt ,ayhsu;fSs; ,g;D U\;j; (fp.gp.1126-1158) vd;gtu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;. ,khk; f];]hyp jdJ j`hGf; my;yh]gh vDk; Eypy; jj;Jt ,ayhsu;fis tpku;rpj;Jf; fz;l Fiwfs; xt;nthd;iwAk; ,g;D U\;j; jdJ j`hGf; j`hGf; my;gyh]gh vDk; E}ypy; kWj;J vOjpAs;shu;.

,khk; f];]hyp rka ,ayhsu;fis jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; eatQ;rfkhf ele;Js;shu; vd;Wk; xd;Wf;F xd;W Kuz;gl;l fUj;Jf;fisj; jdJ E}y;fspy; vOjpAs;shu; vd;Wk; ,g;D U\;j; Rl;bf;fhl;bAKs;shu;. f];]hypapd; fUj;Jf;fs; rpyNtis rka rpe;jidf;Fk; ,d;Dk; rpyNtis jj;Jt ,aYf;Fk; kw;WQ; rpyNtis ,t;tpuz;Lf;FNk NfL tpistpf;fpd;wd vd;W mtu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

,khk; f];]hypapd; fUj;Jf;fisj; ju;f;f uPjpahf kpfj; jpwikahf ,g;D U\;j; Kd;itj;j NghJk; f];]hypapd; fUj;Jf;fis Kw;whf epuhfpf;fr; nra;a mtu; rf;jp ngwtpy;iy vd;gNj eLepiyahd Ma;thus;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. kw;nwhU gpugy jj;Jt ,ayhsuhd ,g;D Jigy; (kuzk; fp.gp.1185) ,khk; f];]hypapd; fUj;Jf;fspilNa rpy Kuz;ghLfs; ,Ue;j NghJk; mtuJ gzpfisg; ghuhl;bAs;shu;. Jigypd; gpujhd Mf;fkhd `a; ,g;D af;]hd; vDk; E}ypy; f];]hypapd; fUj;Jr; nry;thf;Fz;L vd;gu;.

f];]hyp (w`;) E}y;fSf;fhd tpku;rdk; mtuJ E}y;fSk; mtuJ fUj;Jf;fSk; r%fj;jpy; ngw;wpUe;j gpugy;aj;ijAk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; Rl;;bf; fhl;LfpwJ. mtuJ Mf;fq;fis tpku;rpj;jtu;fs; NghyNt Mjupj;J te;jtu;fSk; ,Ue;jdu;. Mjupj;jtu;fspy; ngUk;ghNyhu; itjPf rkathjpfSk; #gpf;fSkhtu;.

,khk; f];]hypapd; rpe;jidr; nry;thf;F K];ypk;fspilNa kl;Lkd;wp a+j fpwp];jt r%fj;jpdupilNaAk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. fp.gp.942,y; kuzpj;j ]<j; my; ga+kp fp.gp.1024,y; kuzpj;j ka; nkhz;b Kjyhd a+j jj;Jt ,ayhsu;fs; fpNuf;f jj;Jt ,aiy fpNuf;f jj;Jt E}y;fspd; mwG nkhop ngau;g;Gf;fspd; ClhfTk; mtw;Wf;F K];ypk;fs; vOjpa tpsf;fTiufs+lhfTNk gapd;wdu;. fp.gp. 1086,y; nlhNyNlhtpy; gpwe;j a`_jhn`ytp vd;gtNuh a+j Gyikj;Jt rpe;jidapy; ,khk; f];]hypapd; rpe;jidia epfupj;j fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jhu;. mtu; jdJ fpjhg; my; ifjhup vDk; E}ypy; ,khk; f];]hyp ifahz;l ju;f;f uPjpahd topKiwiaAk; jj;Jt ,ayhsUf;F vjpuhf mtu; Kd;itj;j FiwghLfisAk; vLj;jhz;Ls;shu;. `pg;U nkhop vOj;Jf;fis cgNahfpj;J mwG nkhopapy; (mwGj; jkpo; Nghy) ,e;E}y; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,khk; f];]hypapd; E}y;fis yj;jPd; nkhopf;Fk;> `pg;U nkhopf;Fk; nkhop ngau;f;Fk; gzp fp.gp.gz;zpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapNy Muk;gkhfpaJ. mtuJ E}y;fspy; vit vy;yhk; vg;NghJ nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;ld vd;w KOj; jftYk; fpilf;fhj  NghJk; mtuJ jj;Jt ,ay;> ju;f;ftpay;> xOf;ftpay; E}y;fs;> a+j fpwp];jt mwpQu;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jd. mtuJ kfh]pj; my; gyh]gh vDk; E}iyg; gyu; nkhopngau;j;Js;sdu;.

me;E}Yf;Fg; gyu; tpupTiuiaAk; vOjpAs;sdu;. ,e;E}y; fp.gp. gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;L tiu ghlE}y;fshf cau; fy;tpg; gPlq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik Rl;bf; fhl;lj;jf;fjhFk;.

,khk; f];]hypapd; rpe;jidia INuhg;ghtpy; gpugy;akhf;fpatu; fp.gp.1285 ,y; kuzpj;j B Nukz;l; khbd; Clhf ,tu; ,khk; f];]hypapd; kfhjp]; my; gyh]pgh> j`hGf; my; gyh]pgh vDk; E}y;fis gapd;Ws;shu; vd;wwpa KbfpwJ. ,tu; jdJ E}ypy; ,`;ah cY}Kj;jPd;> j`hGf; my;gyh]pgh vDk; E}y;fspy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; ifahz;Ls;shu;.

,khk; f];]hypapd; E}y;fis nrd;l Njhk]; mf;Adh]; (fp.gp.1225-74) vd;Dk; jj;Jt ,ayhsu; ngupJk; ftug;gl;Ls;shu;. f];]hypapd; rpe;jidfis ed;F tpsq;fpapUe;jhu;. jhd; ,khk; f];]hypf;F flikg;gl;ltu; vd;gij ed;wpAzu;NthL mwptpj;J Kd;du; gpuhd;i]r; Nru;e;j jj;Jt ,ayhsuhd gpNya;]; gh];fu; (fp.gp.1633-73) ,khk; f];]hypapd; rpe;jidfshy; <u;f;fg;gl;bUe;jhu;. ,khk; f];]hyp my; Kd;fpj; kpdo;oyy; vDk; E}ypy; Kd;itj;Js;s fy;tpf; Nfhl;ghl;il ,tu; jdJ E}ypy; je;Js;shu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,khk; f];]hyp my;Kd;fPJ kpdo;oyy; vDk; E}ypy; Kd;itj;Js;s rpe;jidf;F jj;Jt ,ayhsuhd nl];fhu;l; (fp.gp.1596-1650) jdJ Discours de La Method vDk; E}ypy; Kd;itj;Js;s rpe;jidf;Fk; ,ilNa xU Kuz;ghLz;L vd;W mwpQu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;.