அறிவியல் துறையில் முஸ்லிம் அறிஞர்களின் பங்களிப்பு

tpQ;Qhdk;

K];ypk;fs; mwpT ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd J}z;Ljy;fis my;FHMDk; ]{d;dhTk; toq;fpapUf;fpd;wd. my;FHMdpd; NghjidfSk; egp (]y;) mtHfspd; nghd;nkhopfspd; nry;thf;FNk ngsjpf tpQ;Qhdq;fisg; gapy;tjw;Fk; Muha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; gpd;Gykhf cs;s gpujhd rf;jpahFk;.

my; FHMd; NtjE}yhfNt mUsg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; rka rpe;jidf;Fk; tpQ;Qhd rpe;jidf;Fk; ,ilNa Ntw;Wikia me;E}ypy; fhzKbahJ. khwhf mt; tpuz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa neUf;fhd cwT ,Ug;gijNa fhzyhk;. rkaKk; tpQ;QhdKk; xd;wpw;nfhd;W Kwz;gl;ljy;y. rka cz;ikfis tpQ;Qhdk; epWTtijNa fhzKbfpwJ. ,jdhy; my; FHMdpy; tputp te;Js;s tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwg; Nghjidfis K];ypk;fs; Mo;e;J rpe;jpj;jdh;. gpugQ;rk; KOtJk; my;yh`;Tf;F Kw;wpYk; mbgzpfpwJ vd;w fUj;J ,];yhj;jpd; njs`Pj; Nfhl;ghl;Lld; ,iae;J nry;fpd;wJ. Mjyhy; gpugQ;rk; gw;wpa Ma;it ,];yhkpa Ma;thfNt K];ypk;fs; fUjpdh;.

tpQ;Qhd mwpT mtjhdk;> Mo;e;j rpe;jid Mfpa ,U Kf;fpa fhuzpfspy; jq;fpapUf;fpwJ. Kd;idaJ Gyd;fspd; gpuNahfj;NjhLk; gpd;idaJ cs;sj;jpd; nraw;ghl;NlhLk; njhlh;Giladthf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,iw gilg;Gfis mtjhdpg;gJk;> mjidg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpg;gJk; ,iwtd; xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;gjpYk; mtdJ vy;iyaw;w ty;yikapYk; kfpikapYk; Vida gz;GfspYk; xUtd; ek;gpf;if nfhs;tjw;F toptFf;fpd;wd. FHMdpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s ,g;wh`Pk; egpapd; rhpijapy; tpz;kPd;fSk; re;jpuDk; #hpaDk; kiwe;J tpLtij mtjhdpj;Jg; ghh;j;J tpl;L mtH gpd;tUkhW $wpajhf my;FHMd; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

“kiwe;J Nghff; $batw;iw ehd; Nerpf;f khl;Nld;” mjhtJ mtw;wpd; tUif epiyaw;w jd;ik tha;e;jJ. gpugQ;rj;ijg; gilj;j epj;jpakhd XH ,iwtd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; ,g;wh`Pk; (miy) ek;gpf;if nfhz;lhh; vd;gijNa ,J fhl;LfpwJ. ,aw;ifj; Njhw;wg;ghLfis mtjhdpg;gjhdJ ,iwtdpy; ek;gpf;if nfhs;tjw;F toptFf;Fk; vd;gij my;FHMd; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

“ ,g;wh`Pk; cWjp nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L thdq;fspYk; G+kpapYKs;s ek;Kila rpU\;bfis ehk; mtUf;F ,t;thW fhz;gpj;Njhk;”.

rpy cz;ikfis tpsq;fpf; fz;L nfhs;tjw;fhf mtjhdpj;jtw;iwg; gw;wp Mo;e;J rpe;jpg;gJk; mtrpakhFk;. my;FHMd; rpe;jidapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ.

jkJ Gyd;fisf; nfhz;L mtjhdpf;fhjtHfSk; cs;sq;fisf; nfhz;L rpe;jpf;fhjth;fSk; fhy;eilfSf;F epfuhdtHfshfTk; fhy;eilfistpl NkhrkhdtHfshfTk; th;zpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs;.

tpQ;Qhd hPjpahd Muha;r;rpj; Jiwfspy; <LgLtjw;Fj; J}z;lf;$ba tifapy; my;FHMd; rpy njspthd mwpTWj;jy;fis tpRthrpfSf;F toq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. re;jpudpd; gy;NtW epiyfs;> Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjhrhuj;jpy; midj;ijAk; gilj;jpUj;jy;> Fwpg;gpl;l Ntfj;jpy; #hpad;> re;jpud; Mfpatw;wpd; Row;rp> Fwpg;gpl;l xOq;fpw;Nfw;g mtw;wpd; mikT> midj;Jk; Nrhb Nrhbahfg; gilf;fg;gl;;bUj;jy; vd;gd Nghd;w gpugQ;r ,aw;ifj; Njhw;wg;ghLfs; gw;wp mbf;fb NgRk; my;FHMd; trdq;fs; tpQ;Qhd Muha;r;rpf;fhd J}z;Ljy;fisj; jUfpd;wd. my;FHMd; vLj;Jiuj;Js;s Vuhskhd gpugQ;r cz;ikfspy; ntF nrhw;gkhd msitNa etPd tpQ;Qhdk; ,d;W Ghpe;J nfhz;Ls;sJ.

njhOif> Nehd;G> `[; Nghd;w FHMdpaf; fl;lisfSk; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpf;fhd J}z;Ljy;fis toq;Ffpd;wd. njhOif Neuq;fspy; K];ypk;fs; jkJ Kfq;fisf; f/ghtpd; gf;fk; jpUg;gpf; nfhs;sf; $ba tifapy; K];ypk;fSf;Ff; f/ghtpd; jpiriaAk; njhOiff;Fhpa Neuq;fisAk; epHzapf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,J K];ypk;fs; tho;e;j midj;J ,lq;fSf;FKhpa mfy> neLq;NfhLfisAk; #hpadpd; Fj;Jauj;ijAk; epHzapf;f Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

`[;> [p`hj;> th;j;jfk; Nghd;w Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf K];ypk;fs; flypYk; jiuapYk; ePz;l neLk; gpuahzq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,e;eltbf;iffs; mtHfsJ topfhl;LjYf;Fj; Njitahd el;rj;jpu epiyfs; gw;wpa glq;fisj; jahhpf;Fk; Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;btpl;ld. Gtpapaw; fy;tpia tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; `[; Kf;fpakhdnjhU gq;fpid tfpj;jJ. kf;fhTf;Fj; jkJ Gdpj ahj;jpiuia Nkw;nfhs;sj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;dH `[;[h[pfs;> kf;fhTf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapYs;s gpuNjrq;fs; gw;wpj; Njitahd midj;Jj; jfty;fisAk; jpul;bf; nfhs;syhapdH. ,t;tifapy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs;> gy ehLfspdJ kj> r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhu> Gtpapay;> tptrha Ma;Tfis cs;slf;fpadthf ,Ue;jd.

,];yhj;jpd; tUiff;Fg; gpd; xU E}w;whz;L fhyj;jpw;Fs; ,];yhkpa rhk;uhr;rpakhdJ fpof;Nf mNugpahtpypUe;J> Nkw;fhf mj;jpyhe;jpf; fiu tiuAk; gue;J tphpe;jpUe;jJ. [p];ah> fuh[;> c\;H> fdPkj; vd;gd ,g;gue;j ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tUkhdj;jpw;Fhpa gpujhd %yq;fshf ,Ue;jd. fzf;F tof;Ffisg; Ngzp tUtjw;F vz; fzpjj;jpy; rpwe;j mwpt Njitg;gl;lJ. fl;llq;fisAk; gs;spthay;fisAk; epHkhzpg;gjw;F jphpNfhz fzpjk;> Nfj;jpu fzpjk;> ml;ru fzpjk;> vz; fzpjk; vd;gtw;wpy; Mo;e;j mwpT Njitg;gl;lJ.

my;FHMd; ,];yhkpa thhpRhpikr; rl;lj;jpw;fhd Kd;Ndw;ghLfis tFj;Jf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwJ. rpf;fyhd thhpRhpikr; nrhj;jpd; eilKiwfisj; njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F vz; fzpjj;jpy; rpwe;j mwpT ngw;wpUg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. ,];yhkpa thhpRhpikr; rl;lj;jpw;fpzq;f chpikahsHfspd; gq;Fg; gphpTfs; gw;wp gy E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.

G+kpapd; fPOs;s fdpg;nghUl;fs; gw;wpa mwpitAk; my; FHMNd toq;fpAs;sJ jhtutpay; gw;wp my; FHMdpy; gy ,lq;fspy; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“Nkfj;jpy; ,Ue;J kpf;f ghf;fpak; cs;s kioia ehk; tUtpf;fr; nra;J mjidf; nfhz;L gy NrhiyfisAk; mWtil nra;Ak; jhdpa kzpfisAk; Kisf;fr; nra;fpd;Nwhk;. mLf;fLf;fhf (fdpfs;) epiwe;j FiyfisAila ePz;L tsUk; Nghpr;r kuq;fisAk; (Kisg;gpf;fr; nra;J) mbahHfSf;F Mfhukhf;fpd;Nwhk;….”(50:9-11)

“tpj;Jf;fisAk; nfhl;ilfisAk; epr;rakhf my;yh`;jhd; ntb(j;J Kis) f;fr; nra;fpd;whd;…..”(06:95)

jhtutpay; gw;wp vLj;jhz;l Nkw;Fp;j;j fUj;Jf;fshy; J}z;lg;gl;ljhy; K];ypk;fs; gyh; ,j;Jiwapy; epiwa <LghL fhl;bdhHfs;. [hgpH gpd; `a;ahd;> mG+ r<j; my; m];k,> ,g;D ghr;rh> ,g;Dy; yjPg; my; gf;jhjp> my; f];dtp Nghd;wtHfs; ,j;Jiwapy; epiwa gq;fspg;G nra;Js;sdH.

tptrha cw;gj;jpiaAk; my; FHMDk; Rd;dhTk; Cf;Ftpj;jd. “ehis cyfk; mopag;NghfpwJ vd;W mwpe;jhYk; ,d;W eP xU kuj;ij eL” vd;W egp (]y;) mtHfs; $wpdhHfs;. my;FHMDk; tptrha cw;gj;pia tpje;J ghuhl;bAs;sJ.

,t;thwhd gy FHMd; Maj;Jfshy; ce;jg;gl;l K];ypk;fs; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj tptrhaj;jpy; mjpf <LghL fhl;bdH. cw;gj;jpapd; juj;ijf; $l;bdH. cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;fp Gjpa jhtuq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpdH. tptrha cj;jpfisf; ifahz;ldH. epyk;> ePH> jhtuq;fs;> kpUfq;fs; vd;gtw;iw tptrhaj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; mwpitg; ngUf;fpdH. gy mwpQHfs; tptrhak; gw;wpa E}y;fis vOjpdH.

my; FHMd; kdpj cw;gj;jpiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ rg;jk; nfhLf;ff;$ba gpRgpRg;ghd fspkz;dhy; Kjy; kdpjidg; gilj;jjhf Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. kw;Nwhh; ,lj;jpy; Muk;gj;jpy; kdpjd; kz;zhy; gilf;fg;gl;lhd;. MapDk;> gpd; xU Jsp ,e;jphpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J Mz;> ngz; vd;W ,Ughyhuhfg; gphpf;fg;gl;;ldh; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gif kz;lyj;jpy; ,Ue;J thdj;ijg; gilj;jhd; vd;Wk; midj;Jg; gilg;gpdq;fisAk; ,dtpUj;jp Nehf;fp Nrhb Nrhbahfg; gilj;jJs;sjhfTk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. 

xU ngz;zpz; fh;g;gg; igapy; tpe;jhdJ gy;NtW gbj;juq;fspy; khw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk; mile;J xU G+uz tsh;r;rpaile;j Foe;ijapd; mikg;igg; ngWtij my;FHMd; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 “epr;rakhf (Muk;gj;jpy; Kjy;) kdpjidf; fspkz;zpd; rj;jpypUe;J rpU];bj;Njhk;. gpd;dh; mjid ehk; ,e;jphpakhf;fp xU gj;jpukhd ,lj;jpy; itj;Njhk;. gpd;dh; me;j ,e;jphpaj;ij ,uj;jf; fl;bahf;fpNdhk;. Gpd;dh; mt;tpuj;jf; fl;bia khkprg; gpz;lkhfr; nra;Njhk;. gpd;dh; mk; khkprg; gpz;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J vYk;ig cw;gj;jp nra;J mt;ntYk;Gf;F khkprj;ij mzptpj;Njhk;. gpd;dh; mjid Kw;wpYk; NtnwhU gilg;ghf tsur;nra;Njhk; ngUk; mUl;NgWila my;yh`; gilg;ghsh;fspnyy;yhk; kpf mofhd gilg;ghsd;.” (23: 12 - 16) my; FHMd; kdpj cw;gj;jp gw;wp rpe;jpf;f vt;thW topfhl;LfpwJ vd;gjid ,t;thaj; mofhff; fhl;LfpwJ. etPd mwptpayhdJ kpfj; Jy;ypakhd cgfuzq;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L fz;L gpbj;j jhapd; fUtiwf;Fs; epfOk; ,e;j mw;Gj tsh;r;rpg; gbtq;fisg; gjpdhd;F Ew;whz;LfSf;fF Kd;dH ,t;tsT El;gkhf my;FHMd; tpsf;fpapUf;Fk; ghd;ikahdJ mJ kdpj kdpj rpe;jidapd; tpistd;wp> xU nja;tPf ntspg;ghNl vd;gij re;Njfkpd;wp epWTtjhf fyhepjp fPj; %H Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

,ijg; NghyNt ,urhadf; fyitfs; gw;wpAk; my; FHMd; rpe;jpf;f topfhl;LfpwJ.

“ckjpiwtd; Njdpf;F cs;Szh;r;rpia cz;lhf;fpdhd;. kiyfspYk;> kuq;fspYk; cah;e;j fl;blq;fspYk; eP $Lfis mikj;Jf; nfhs;. md;wp> eP vy;yhtpjkhd fdp(fspd; kyh;)fspypUe;Jk; mUe;jp ckjpiwtdpd; vspjhd topfspy; (cd;Dila $l;Lf;Fs;) xLq;fpr; nry;. ,jdhy;> mjd; tapw;wpypUe;J gy epwq;fisAila xU ghdk; (Njd;) Gwg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; kdpjDf;F epthuzpAz;L…” (16: 68 – 69)

my;FHMdpd; ,t;thaj;J rlg; nghUl;fs; gy msTfspy; xd;Wld; xd;W fyg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; gw;wp rpe;jpf;fj;  J}z;baJ. my; FH;Mdpy; NkNy Rl;baJ Nghd;w Maj;Jfs; gy tpQ;Qhd hPjpahd cz;ikfisg; Gyg;gLj;jp mf;fiyfis tsh;j;Jr; nry;Yk; kdg;ghq;ifAk; K];ypk;fsplk; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. mjd; tpisthfj;jhd; K];ypk;fspilNa tpQ;Qhdf; fiy mg;gh]pah; fhyKjy; tsh;r;rpaile;jijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

my;FHMdpd; Nghjidfspd; Jz;Ljyhy; ,aw;ifapd; gilg;gpdq;fspy; mtjhdj;ijr; nrYj;jp> gilg;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk; rPuikg;igAk; XOq;ifAk; mbg;gilahf itj;J ,aw;ifiag; gpizj;jpUf;Fk; ,aw;if tpjpfisf; fz;lwpe;j K];ypk; mwptpay; mwpQHfs; ngUikf;Fhpa XH mwptpay; ghuk;ghpaj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gpdH. thdpay;> Gtpapay;> kUj;Jtk;> ngsjpfk;> ,urhadk;> jhtutpay; Nghd;w midj;Jj; JiwfSf;Fk; K];ypk; mwptpay;     Nkijfs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jdH. K];ypk;fs; fpNuf;f> ghurPf ,e;jpa mwptpay; ghuk;ghpaq;fis Mokhff; fw;W mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; Fiwfs;> gytPdq;fis ,dq;fz;L> jkJ Ma;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy;Gjpa mk;rq;fis ,izj;J mjw;NfAhpa rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; nfhz;l ,];yhkpa mwptpay; ghuk;ghpaj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gpdH.

kUj;Jtj;Jiw tsh;r;rpf;F K];ypk;fspd; gq;fspg;G

kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; K];ypk;fs; mile;j Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F Fh;MdpdJk;> `jP]pdJk; NghjidfNs J}z;LNfhyha; mike;jd. Njdpd; kUj;Jtf; Fzk; gw;wp my; Fh;Md; gpd;tUkhU $WfpwJ “mjDila tapw;wpy; ,Ue;J (Njdp) gy epwq;fSila xU ghdk; (Njd;) ngwg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; kdpjh;fSf;F Neha; epthuzp cz;L. rpe;jpj;J czuf;$ba kf;fSf;F epr;rakhf ,jpYk; Xh; mj;jhl;rp ,Uf;fd;wJ”. (16:69)

xU Kiw egp (]y;) mth;fs; “my;yh`;tpd; mbahh;fNs> ePq;fs; kUe;Jfisf; nfhz;L Neha;fSf;Fg; ghpfhuk; Njbf;nfhs;Sq;fs.; kuzj;ijj; jtpu kw;iwa vy;yh Neha;fSf;Fk; my;yh`; kUe;Jfisg; gilj;Js;shd.; Mdhy;> kdpjh;fs; mtw;iw mwpahky; ,Ug;gJz;L” vd;W $wpdhh;fs;.

egp(]y;) mth;fs; gy Neha;fSf;fhd epthuzq;fis tpsf;fpAs;shh;fs;. mth;fspd; Neha; epthuzp gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fis mwpQh;fs; “mj;jpg;Ge; egtpa;ap (egpfshhpd; kUj;Jtk;)”  vDk; jiyg;gpy; njhFj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. egp(]y;) mth;fspd; fhyg;gphptpy; ‘`hhp]; gpd; fy;jh’ vd;w A+j mwpQh; kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; Gfo; ngw;W tpsq;fpdhh;. egp(]y;) mth;fspd; ,Wjp `I;Ipd; gpd;dh; ]mj; gpd; mgp tf;fh]; (wop) mth;fs; RftPdk; mile;j NghJ egpath;fs; ]mJf;F rpfpr;ir nra;Ak;gb `hhpi]g; gzpj;jhh;fs.; ,th;fsJ fhyg;gphptpy; ghurPf kd;dd; egpath;fSf;F itj;jpak; nra;tjw;fhf ghurPf itj;jpah; xUtiu mDg;gp itj;jhd;.

Fyghch;uhrpjPd;fs; fhyj;jpy; kUj;Jtj;Jiw XH xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Jiwahf ts;h;r;rpaile;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,]yhkpa cyfpy; Kjd;Kjyhf itj;jpa rhiyfis epWtpa ngUikAila fyPgh tyPj;ijNa rhUk;. ,tuhy; epWtg;gl;l mq;ftPdh;fSf;fhd itj;jparhiyapy; FUlh;> nrtplh;> Nghd;w NehahspfSf;F rpfpr;iraspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tuJ Kd;khjpiag; gpd;gw;wp Vida cikah fyPghf;fSk; Mq;fhq;Nf itj;jparhiyfis epWtpa NghjpYk; mit xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l mikg;gpy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mg;ghrpah; Ml;rpapNyNa xOq;F gLj;jg;gl;l kUj;Jt kidfs; Njhd;w Muk;gpj;jd. Kjd;Kjyhf rfy trjpfisAk; nfhz;l nghJ itj;jparhiyia epWtpa ngUik fyPgh `h&d; mh;u\PijNa rhUk;. gf;jhjpy; epWtg;gl;l ,t; itj;jparhiyapy; Nehahsh;fs; jq;fpapUe;J rpfpr;ir ngWtjw;fhd trjpfs; ,Ue;jNjhL kUj;Jtk; gapy tpUk;gpa khzth;fSf;F ,q;F gapw;rpAk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

Mz;fSf;Fk;> ngz;fSf;Fk; ntt;Ntwhd thh;l;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mNj Nghy; njhw;WNeha;fSf;F jdpj;jdp thh;l;fs; ,Ue;jd. Mz;fSf;fhd thh;l;fspy; Mz; jhjpfSk;> ngz;fSf;fhd thh;l;fspy; ngz; jhjpfSk; flikahw;wpdH. ntsp Nehahsh;fSf;fhd kUj;Jtg; ghpNrhjid Fwpj;j jpdq;fspy;> Fwpj;j ,lj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;wJ. kUj;Jt kidapy; jq;FNthUf;fhd gpuj;jpNaf cilfs; NehahspfSf;F toq;fg;gl;ld. Nehahspapd; cilfs;> clikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd. Nehahspfisg; ghh;f;f tUNthUf;Fk; jq;Fkpl trjpfs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. kUe;Jfis jahhpf;fTk;> eph;thf NjitfSf;fhfTk; rkayiwf;fhfTk; jdpj;jdp ,lk; xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

itj;jparhiyfspy; flikahw;WNthh;fSf;F fth;r;rp fukhd rk;gsk; toq;fg; gl;bUe;jJ. jk; flik Neujjpy; mth;fs; itj;jpa rhiyapy; ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhfpaJ. gpugy itj;jpah;fs; jpde;NjhWk; Nehahspfisg; ghpNrhjpj;jdh;. NehahspfSf;fhd kUe;Jfs;> czT> jq;Fkplk; vd;gd vy;yhk; ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gl;ld.

itj;jparhiyfNshL ,ize;jjhf kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpfs; ,aq;fpd. gj;jhj;> lk];f];> nfa;Nuh> kf;fh> n[&ryk;> mnyg;Ngh> `h;uhd; Mfpa gFjpfs;py; gy kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpfs; nraw;gl;ld. ,jw;fhf itj;jpa rhiyfspy; tphpTiu kz;lgq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. itj;jparhiyfspdJk; itj;jpa khzth; fspdJk; eyd;fUjp mq;F E}y; epiyaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. Fwpg;G vLf;Fk; khzth;fSf;F jhSk;> NgdhTk; ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gl;ld.

kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpfspy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F czTk;> jq;Fkpl trjpAk; toq;fg;gl;ld. Vio khzth;fSf;F epjpAjtpAk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.  ,f;fy;Y}hpfspy; gapd;w khzth;fSf;Fg;  ghPl;ir elhj;Jtjw;F mjpfhhpfSk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. ghPl;irapy; rpj;jpailAk; khzth;fSf;F rhd;wpjo; toq;Fk; tof;fKk; ,Ue;jJ.

fyPgh k/%d; ‘igj;Jy; `pf;kh’ vDk; epWtdj;ij epWtp ‘`{idd; ,g;D ,];`hf;’ vd;gtiu mjd; gpujhd nkhop ngah;g;ghsuhf epakpj;jhh;. <]h gpd; a`;ah> jhgpj; gpd; Fw;wh> myp mj; jgwp> A`d;dh gpd; k]hNt`;; vd;Nghh; nkhopngah;g;ghsh; FOtpy; mlq;fpapUe;j VidNahuhFk;. ,th;fs; fpNuf;f mwpQh;fshd nfyd;> `pg;Nghfpul;b];> Nghy; KjyhNdhhpd; kUj;Jt E}y;fis nkhop ngah;j;jdh;. fpNuf;f kUj;Jt E}y;fs; fhy Xl;lj;jpy; mopahJ ghJfhf;fg;gl nkhopngah;g;Gg; gzp nghpJk; cjtpaJ. fpNuf;f kUj;Jt mwptpay; E}y;fis nkhopngah;j;jjd; %yk; mtw;iw mopahJ ghJfhj;j ngUik K];ypk;fisNa rhUk;. K];ypk;fs; fpNuf;f kUj;Jt E}y;fis nkhopngah;j;jJ kl;Lkd;wp> fpNuf;f kUj;Jt Nkijfspd; jtWfis tpkh;rpj;J mtw;iw Rlbf;fhl;baNjhL kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; ghpNrhjid Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpAk; gy Nfhl;ghLfis epWtpAk; kUj;Jtj;Jiwapd; tsh;r;rpf;F rpwe;j gq;fspg;ig toq;fpdh.; fpNuf;fhpd; kUj;Jt Kiwahd A+dhdp kUj;Jtj;ijg; ghJfhj;J ,d;iwa cyfpw;F mspj;j ngUik mNugpa K];ypk;fisNa rhUk;.

Nghh;f;fhyq;fspy; itj;jpa rpfpr;ir mspg;gjw;fhf K];ypk;fshy; ,uhZt itj;jparhiyfSk; epWtg;gl;ld. gLf;iffs; ,izf;fg;gl;l xl;lfq;fs; mk;Ayd;]; tz;bfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mt;thNw K];ypk;fs; kUe;Jf;filfisAk; elj;jpf; fhl;bapUf;fpwhh;fs;.

kUe;J cw;gj;jpj; Jiwapy; K];ypk;fspd; gq;fspg;G kfj;jhdjhFk;. ,jid Nkw;Fyfk; mq;fpfhpj;Js;sJ vdyhk;. fp.gp. 1618y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;l kUe;jpay; E}ypy; fpNuf;f mwpQ;QHfshd `pg;Nghfpul;];> fyd; vDk; ,UtuJ glq;fSld; K];ypk; kUj;Jtuhd mG+ myp ]Pdh> mG+ ]fhpa;ah A`d;dh gpd; k]htp`; vDk; ,UtuJ glq;fSk; gpuRupf;fg;gl;lbUe;jd vd;gJ Rl;bf;fhl;lj;jf;fjhFk;.

K];ypk; kUj;Jt mwpQ;QHfs; vOjpa E}y;fs; INuhg;gpa nkhopfs; gytw;wpw;F nkhop ngaHf;fg;gl;likAk;> K];ypk; kUj;JtHfs; ifahz;l top Kiwfs; ePz;l fhyk; INuhg;gpa kUj;Jth;fshy; gpd;gw;wg; gl;likAk; ,d;Wk; mf; fiyapy; mwG kUj;Jtj;jpd; nry;thf;F ,Uf;fpd;wikAk; Nkw;Fyf kUj;Jtj;jpd; kPJ K];ypk;fspd; nry;thf;F ahJ vd;gij kjpg;gpl cjTtd vdyhk;. 

kUj;Jtj; Jiwf;Fg; gq;fhw;wpa mwpQh;fs;

kUj;Jtj; Jiwapd; tsh;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j K];ypk; kUj;Jt NkijfSs; mu;uh]p> ,g;D ]Pdh> ,g;D egP];> m];]`;uhtp> `{idd; ,g;D ,];`hf; MfpNahh; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fpdh;.

mHuh]p

Nkw;Fyfj;jhy; “uh]];” vd miof;fg;gl;l ,th; ,sk; tajpNyNa ,ur thjj;jpy; ALCHEMY (my; nfkp) <Lgl;ltuhthH. gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nkw;fhrpahtpy; gy ghfq;fspYk; ,Ue;J te;j Nehahsh;fshYk;> khzth;fshYk; ftug;gl;lhh;. ,th; kUj;Jtk; nra;Ak; jpwikiag; ngw;w gpwF gf;jhf; efUf;Fr; nrd;W  mq;fpUe;j gpujhd itj;jpa rhiyapy; gpujk kUj;Jt mjpfhhpahff; flikahw;wpdhh;. gpd;dh; mg;gh]pa fyPghf;fSs; xUtuhd Kf;jgp gpy;yh`; (fp.gp.902 - 907) vd;gthpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,uhr;rpak; KOtjpYk; epWtg;gl;bUe;j itj;jparhiyfspd; jiytuhff; flikahw;wpdhh;. ,th; vOjpa 220f;Fk; mjpfkhd E}y;fspy; 140 E}y;fs; kUj;Jtk; rhh;e;j E}y;fshFk;. mtw;Ws; my;`htp> my; [}jhp ty; `];gh> fpjhG jpg;gpy; kd;R+hp> fpjhGy; m];uhh; Mfpait jtpu Vidait kpfr;rpwpaitahFk;.

12 ghfq;fis  cs;slf;fpa gpurpj;jp ngw;w E}yhd my;`htp ,th; vOjpa E}y;fspy; kpg; nghpajhFk;. ,e;E}y; ‘kUj;Jtj;jpd; fiyf;fsQ;rpak’; vd Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,ijg;Nghd;w xU ngha kUj;Jt E}y; ,Jtiu cyfpy; ,y;iy vd fUjg;gLfpwJ. Rfhjhuk>; Neha;fSk; mtw;wpd; mwpFwpfSk; mtw;wpw;fhd rpfpr;ir KiwfSk; Mfpa mk;rq;fis ,e;E}y; cs;slf;fpapUg;gJld; xt;NthU Nehapd; KbtpYk; me;Neha; gw;wpa mh;uh]papd; nrhe;jf; fUj;jf;fSk; mDgtq;fSk; $wg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

mu;uh]papd; kw;WnkhU E}yhd my; [}jhp ty; `];gh  rpd;dKj;J> nghpak;ik gw;wp tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;E}y; gy INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; gjpg;G nra;ag;gl;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ. rpd;dKj;Jf;Fk; nghpak;ikf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s tpj;jpahrj;ij Kjd;Kjypy;; tpsf;fpa E}yhf kjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

mu;uh]papd; kw;nwhW E}yhd ‘fpjhGj; jpg;gpy; kd;R+hp’ (kd;R+hp kUj;Jt E}y;); vDk; E}Yk; xU rpwe;j kUj;Jtg; gilg;ghFk;. ,e;E}y; 10 ghfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ mtw;wpy; rpy ghfq;fs; N[h;kd;> gpuhd;]; Mfpa nkhopfspy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;ld.

mu;uh]p kfg;Ngw;W kUj;Jtk;> ngz; kUj;Jtk;> fz; kUj;Jtk;> rj;jpu rpfpr;ir Nghd;w JiwfspYk; jptpu Muha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mWitr; rpfpr;irapd; NghJ ijay; NghLtjw;fhf Kjd; Kjypy; kpUfq;fspd; Fly; ,iofisg; gad;gLj;jpaJk; ,tNuahthh;.

mu;uh]p fp.gp 925k; mz;by; fz;ghh;it ,oe;j epiyapy; kuzkhdhh;. ,thpd; cUtg;glk; ghhP];; gy;fiyf;foj;jd; kUj;Jt gPlj;jpy; ghh;itf;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ ,tuJ epidthf 1964k Mz;L <uhdpy; jghy; Kj;jpiu xd;Wk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

myp ,g;D ]Pdh

mu;uh]pia mLj;J kj;jpafhy kUj;Jtj;Jiwapd; tsh;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jth; “mtpnrd;dh” vd INuhg;gpah;fshy; miof;fg;gl;l mG+ my; `{i]d; ,g;D mg;Jy;yh`; ,g;D ]Pdh (fp.gp 980 - 1037) Mthh;. ,th; jdJ 17tJ tajpy; jpwik gilj;j kUj;Jtuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. 21tJ tajpy; E}y;fs; vOj Muk;gpj;jhh;. ,th; vOjpa 99 E}y;fSs; 17 E}y;fs; kUj;Jtk; rhh;e;itahFk;. ,tw;Ws; ‘nfdd;’ vd INuhg;gpah;fshy; miof;fg;gl;l ‘fhD}d; gpj;jpg;gp’ (kUj;Jt tpjpfs;) INuhg;gpahpilNa kpFe;j tuNtw;ig ngw;wJld; kUj;Jtj;Jiwapd; iggpshfTk; kjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}y; 5 ngUk; gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Kjyhk; gFjp – clyikg;G> cly;eyd;fs;> Foe;ij eyd;> tNahjpgh; eyd;> nghJthd rpfpr;irfs;.

,uz;lhk; gFjp – Neha;fspd; mwpFwpfs; mfuthpirapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

%d;whk; gFjp – cr;re;jiy Kjy; cs;sq;fhy; tiuAs;s cWg;Gf;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; Neha;fisg; gw;wpAs;s tpsf;fq;fSk;> nghJ Neha; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fSk;.

ehd;fhk; gFjp – fha;r;ry;> tPf;fk;. cilT. mWitr; rpfpr;ir> KwpT> czT eQ;rhjy;> tprh;eha;f;fb> rUk Neha; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs;.

Ie;jhk; gFjp – fyit Kiw kUe;Jfs;> rpfpr;ir Kiwfs;.

,e;E}ypy; 760 tifahd kUe;Jfs; njhlh;ghd tphpthd tpsf;fq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;E}y; gy INuhg;gpa gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; kUj;Jt ghl E}yhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

myp ,g;D ]Pdh> fhD}d; gpj;jpg;gp jtpu mu;[{]h gpj;jpg;gp> mj;tpaJy; fhypgh. m\;\pgh Kjypa kUj;Jt E}y;fisAk; vOjpAs;shh;. njhw;W Neha; gw;wp cyfpw;F mwpKfk; nra;j ,th; rpy Neha;fspd; guk;gYf;F kz;Zk;> ePUk; fhuzkhfpd;wd vd;Wk; epWtpdhh;. kUj;Jtj;Jiwf;F Mw;wpa gzpfs; fhuzkhfNt ‘etPd kUj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij (father of the modern medicine)’ vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

,tUf;F ‘n\a;Fy; uaP];’> ‘2k; mup];Nlhl;by’; Nghd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaHfSk; cz;L.

`{idd; ,g;D ,];`hf;

mg;gg]pa fypghf;fshd my; k/%d;> my; Kjtf;fpy; MfpNahhpd; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fspy; Gfo; ngw;W tpsq;fpa kw;WnkhU kUj;Jt Nkij  ‘`{idd; ,g;D ,];`hf; Mthh;. fyPgh k/%dpd; fhyj;jpy; murhq;f nkhopngah;ghsuhfTk; igj;Jy; `pf;khtpd; Nkw;ghh;itahsuhfTk; flikahw;wpdhh;. k/%dpd; fhyj;jpy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;l fpNuf;fE}y;fSs; ngUk;ghyhdit ,tuhy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;litNa MFk;. fpNuf;f kUj;Jt E}y;fis Nrfhpg;gjw;fhf rphpah> gy];jPd;> mnyf;rhe;jphpah Nghd;w ehLfSf;F gpuahzk; nra;jhh;.

fpNuf;f kUj;Jt Nkijahd nfydhy; vOjg;gl;l kUj;Jt E}y;fs; ahTk; ,tuhy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;ld.

,th; nkhopngah;g;G E}y;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp nrhe;jkhfTk; gy E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;. ,th; nrhe;jkhf vOjpa E}y;fSs; ‘kUj;Jtj;jpd; Nfs;tpfs;’ vDk; E}y; gpurpj;jp tha;e;jJ. ,jpy; kUj;Jtf;fiy gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs; tpdhtpil Kiwapy; $wg;gl;lLs;sd.

m];]`;uhtp

fp.gp 10k; E}w;whzby; tho;e;j K];ypk; kUj;Jt NkijfSs; ,tUk; xUtuhthh;. Fh;JghTf;F mUfpy; cs;s ‘]`;uh’ vDk; Chpy; gpwe;j fhuzj;jpdhy; ‘]`;uhtp’ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;. ,tuJ KOg;ngah; mGy; fh]pk; fyg; gpd; mg;gh]; m];]`;uhtp vd;gjhFk;. Fuq;Ffisg; gad;gLj;jp kdpj cly; cWg;Gf;fis gw;wp kpFe;j Ma;Tfs; nra;J ntw;wp fz;l ,th; mWitr; rpfpr;ir Kiwapy; gy etPd KiwfisAk; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;l ‘mj;j];uPg;’ vDk; 30 ghfq;fisf; nfhz;l E}y; kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; vOjg;gl;l Xh; xg;gw;w kUj;jtf; fiyf; fsQrpakhFk;.

,e;E}y; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ

kUe;J jahhpj;jy;.

fz;> fhJ> %f;F> tha;> Kjypa cWg;Gf;fspy; mWitr; rpfpr;ir nra;jy;.

raNuhfk;

ngz;fs; njhlh;ghd Neha;fs;

FUjpAiwah Neha;.

     FUjpAiwah Neha; gw;wp Kjypy; tpsf;fpa ,th; xU gy; itj;jpauhfTk; tpsq;fpdhh;.

,g;D me;egP];

fp.gp 13Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j ,g;D me;egP];  kUj;Jtf; fiy gw;wp gy E}y;fis vOjpdhh;. fz;Neha;fs;> cztpay; rk;ke;jkhd E}y;fis vOjpa ,th; `pg;Nghfpul;B];> `{idd; ,g;D ,];`hf;> ,g;D ]Pdh MfpNahhpd; E}y;fSf;F tphpTiufSk; vOjpAs;shh;. ,th; vOjpa tphpTiu E}y;fSs; fpjhg; my; K/[p];> mj;j\;uP`; vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthFk;.

myp ,g;D mg;gh];

,tuJ KOg;ngah; myp ,g;D mg;gh]; k[_]p MFk;. INuhg;gpah; ,tiu ‘n`yp mg;gh];’ vd mioj;jdh;. ikj;Jisf;Foha;fspd; mikg;G> njhopw;ghL> Foe;ij gpurtkhFk; tpjk; vd;gd gw;wp Muhae;J kpfr;rhpahd tpsf;fkspj;j Kjy; kUj;Jth; ,tuhthh;. ,th;vOjpa “fpjhGy; khypf;fp” vDk; E}ypy; tpy;ypak; `hh;Ntf;F gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;lk; gw;wp tpsf;fg;gl;lJ.

Gfo; ngw;w kUj;Jt Nkijahd ,g;D ]Pdhtpd; fhD}d; vDk; E}ypd; Njhw;wk; tiu kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; Gfo; ngw;w E}yhf fpjhGy; khypf;fp tpsq;fpaJ.

,t;thW K];ypk;fshy; tsh;f;fg;gl;l kUj;Jtf;fiy gpw;gl;l fhyq;fspy; mth;fspdhy; iftplg;gl;ljpdhy; Nkw;fj;ijath;fSk; gpw kjj;jth;fSk; me;j kUj;Jt ghuk;ghpaq;fis Rje;jpukhfg; ngw;W mjid tsh;f;f Kw;gl;ldh;.

thdtpay;

thdtpay; vd;gJ #hpad;> re;jpud;> el;rj;jpuq;fs; mtw;wpd; gUkd;> efh;T Kjyhd mk;rq;fs; gw;wp NgRk; JiwahFk;. thDyfpd; mikg;G> #hpad; re;jpud;> el;rj;jpuq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; tbtikg;G> mtw;wpd; gUkd;> el;rj;jpuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if> mtw;wpd; efh;T> mtw;Wf;fpilapyhd J}uk;> #hpa FLk;gk;> ghy;ntsp tPjp> thdtpay; ml;ltiz Kjyhd gy mk;rq;fs; thdtpaw; fiyg; gug;g vy;iyAs; mlq;Fk;.

,];yhj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;Nj mNwgpaH tho;T thdtpaYld; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jJ. mNwgpahtpd; kg;Gk; ke;jhuKk; ,y;yhj njspthd thdk;> thdtpay; gw;wpa rhpahd mtjhdq;fisg; ngw mNwgpaHf;Fg; nghpJk; cjtpaJ. ghiytdj;jpD}lhfr; nrd;w th;j;jfg; ghijfis milahsq; fhz el;rj;jpuq;fNs mth;fSf;Fg; nghpJk; cjtpd. el;rj;jpuq;fSld; mth;fSf;F ,Ue;j neUf;fkhd cwtpd; fhuzkhf mth;fspy; rpyh; el;rj;jpuq;fis tzq;fpdh;.mth;fspd; tho;f;ifAld; el;rj;jpuk; nfhz;bUe;j ,j;jifa njhlh;G thdtpay; gw;wpa rpy jfty;fis ,];yhj;Jf;F Kd;gpUe;Njmwpe;J itj;jpUf;f cjtpaJ.

thdpay; Jiwapy; K];ypk;fs; <Lgl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

01.    rh;tNjr th;j;jfj;jpYk; fly; gpuahzj;jpYk; Gfo; ngw;W tpsq;fpa muhgpah; fhyepiy gw;wp mwpe;J jkJ fly; gpuahzj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; fhyj;ijf; fzpj;J jkJ th;j;jfj;ijj; jpwk;gl Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mth;fSf;F thdpay; mwpT mtrpag;gl;lik.

02.    thdj;ijg; gw;wpAk;> el;rj;jpuq;fs;> Nfhs;fs;> Nkfq;fs; gw;wpAk; mq;F $wg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fshy; mth;fs; J}z;lg;gl;lik. my;Fh;Md; gpd;tUkhW tpdTfpwJ.

“jq;fSf;F Nky; ,Uf;Fk; thdj;ij mth;fs; ghh;f;ftpy;iyah? vj;jifa ntbg;Gf;fSk; ,y;yhky; ehk; vt;thW mjid el;rj;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;L myq;fhukhf;fp itj;jpUf;fpNwhk;.” (50 : 06)

“mtNd (nghOij) tpbar; nra;gtd;. mtNd (epj;jpiu nra;J ePq;fs;) Rfkiltjw;fhf ,uit Mf;fpdhd;. (ePq;fs; fhyj;jpd;) fzf;if mwptjw;fhf #hpaidAk; re;jpuidAk; Mf;fpdhd;.” (6: 96)

“cq;fSf;fhf el;rj;jpuq;fis mikj;jtDk; mtNd. jiuapYk; flypYk; cs;s ,Us;fspy; mitfisf; nfhz;L ePq;fs; topawpe;J nry;fpwPhfs;” (6: 97)

 ,t;thwhd trdq;fshy; J}z;lg;gl;l K];ypk;fs; thdpay;gw;wpa mwpitj; NjLtij rka rpe;jidapd; Xh; mq;fkhff; fUjpdh;.

03.gs;spthapy;fis mikg;gjw;nfd f/gh ,Uf;Fk; jpiria mwpa Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gl;lik.

04. Iq;fhyj; njhOifia epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba Neuq;fs;> Nehd;G Nehw;gjw;Fk; ngUehs; nfhz;lhLtjw;Fkhd jiyg;gpiwia mwpa Ntz;bapUe;jik> `[;[{f; flikia epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba fhyk; vd;gtw;iw mwpa Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gl;lik.

thdpay; Jiwapd; tsh;r;rp

FyghcH uh\pJ}d;fs; fhyj;jpYk; cikahf;fs; fhyj;jpYk; ehlbd; epHthfk;> r%f tho;T Nghd;w Jiwfspy; mjpf <LghL fhl;l Ntz;bNaw;gl;ljhy; tpuy; tpl;L vz;zf;$ba rpy K];ypk;fNs tpQ;Qhdf; fiyfspy; MHtk; fhl;bdH. cikah Ml;rpapd; ,Wjpf;fhyg; gFjpapy; mwpT Muha;r;rpj;Jiwapy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;ljhy;  mg;gh]pah; fhyj;jpy; epWtg;gl;l igj;Jy; `pf;khtpd; JizAld; K];ypk;fs; Jhpjkhf Kd;Ndwpdh;. gpw nkhop E}y;fs; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;ljhy; ghurPf> fpNuf;f> ,e;jpa thdpay; fUj;Jf;fs; mth;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jd. mj;Jld; mg;gh]pa fyPghf;fSk; thdpay; Jiwf;Fj; Njitahd trjpfis nra;J nfhLj;jdh;. ,jdhy; igj;Jy; `pf;khtpd; xU mk;rkhf ,Ue;J mur MjuTld; ,j;Jiw tsh;r;rp fz;lJ. K];ypk;fs; Kd;ida thdpiy Muha;r;rpahsh;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis EZf;fkhf Muha;e;J mtw;wpy; fhzg;gl;l gpiofisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b jpUj;jp tpl;lJld; Gjpa fUj;Jf;fisAk; ntspapl;ldh;.

fyPgh kd;#hpd; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa thdpay; mNugpa K];ypk;fSf;F Kjd;Kiwahf  mwpKfk; nra;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. fp.gp 770,y; ‘kq;fh’ vDk; ngah; nfhz;l ,e;jpa thdpay; mwpQiu ‘ah$g; my; g]hup’ vd;gth; fypgh kd;#Uf;F mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jhh;. ,e;j mwpQh; jkNkhL nfhz;L te;jpUe;j ‘rpj;jhe;j’ vDk; rk];fpUj thdpay; E}y; ‘Kfk;kj; ,g;D ,g;wh`pk; my; g]hhp’ vd;gtuhy; mugpapy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ. me;j nkhop ngah;g;igj; njhlh;e;J ,];yhj;jpy; tpQ;Qhd mbg;gilapyhd thdpay; Muha;r;rp Muk;gkhdJ. ,k;nkhop ngah;g;G K];ypk;fspd; thdtpaw; fiyapd; tsh;r;rpf;Fg; ngUe; JizahfpaJ.

kd;#Uf;F mLj;J te;j mg;gh]pa fyPghf;fSk; thdpay; Jiw tsh;r;rpapy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpdh;. thdpay; Jiw mwp;Qh;fSf;F rKf kl;lj;jpy; mjpf kjpg;G ,Ue;jJ. mth;fSf;F rk;gsk;> czT> kw;Wk; trjpfs; mur nrytpy; toq;fg;gl;ld.

fyPgh `h&d; u\PjPd; fhyj;jpy; <uhdpa thdpay; mNugpa K];ypk;fSf;F Kjd;Kiwahf mwpKfk; nra;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. fyPghtpd; E}yfuhff; flikahw;wpa ‘my; goy; ,g;D nesgf;j;’ <uhdpa thdpay; E}y;fis fyPghTf;F mNugpapy; nkhopngah;j;Jf; nfhLj;jhh;.

fypgh k/%dpd; fhyj;jpy; Vuhskhd fpNuf;f thdpay; E}y;fs; mNugpapy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;ld. igj;Jy; `pf;khtpy; nkhop ngah;g;GfSf;fhfTk; thdpiy mtjhdj;Jf;fhfTk; jdpj;jdp Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd. jdp egh;fs; rpyUk; nkhop ngah;g;gpy; MHtk; fhl;bdh;. njhykpapd; “my; kn[];l;” muG nkhopapy; gy Kiw nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,tw;Ws; `[;[h[; ,g;D khjhpdJk;> `{idd; ,g;D ,];`hf;fpdJk; nkhopngah;g;Gf;fs; gpugy;ak; tha;e;jit.  mj;Jld; fypghTk; nry;tk; gilj;j rpy; jdp egh;fSk; Kf;fpa efh;fspy; gy thdpay; mtjhd  epiyaq;fis epWtpdh;. gf;jhj;> lk];f];> ,];g`hd; Kjypa eh;fspy; ,t;thwhd thdpay; mtjhd  epiyaq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld.

kpfr; rhpahf mtjhdpg;gjpYk;> kpfr; rhpahd KbTfis vLg;gjpYk; K];ypk; thdtpayhsHfs; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpdH. mjdhy;> njhlh;e;J ePz;l mtjhdq;fis Nkw;nfhz;ldH. rpy mtjhdq;fs; njhlh;e;J ehw;gJ tUlq;fs; tiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. fpNuf;f mwpQHfspd; mtjhdq;fis kWghprPyid nra;Nj Vw;wdH. ,jdhy;> fpNuf;f mwpQuhd njhykp cl;gl gyuJ mtjhdq;fs; kPs;ghprPyidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld. igj;Jy; `pf;khtpd; thdpiy mtjhd epiyaj;jpy; #hpa fpufzj;jpd; rhpT> #hpa tUlj;jpd; nkhj;j ehl;fs;> #hpad; G+kj;jpa Nuifiaj; jhz;Lk; ehd; Nghd;wd mtjhdpf;fg;gl;ld.

fyPgh k/%d; Nghd;w Ml;rpahsh;fSk; gpd; te;jtHfSk; mspj;j Cf;fk; fhuzkhf gy tpQ;Qhdpfs; cUthfpdH. mtHfs; jhk; jpul;ba thdtpaw; jfty;fisj; njhFj;J E}y; tbtpy; je;Js;sdh;.

thdpay; Jiwapd; tsh;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j mwpQh;fs;

thdpay; Jiwapd; tsh;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;G nra;j mwpQh;fSs; ,g;wh`Pk; my;g]hhp> my; Fthhp];kp > my; gh;`hd;p> my;gj;jhdp> mGy; tgh  MfpNahh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fshth;.

 ,g;wh`pk; my; g]hhp

thdpay; Muha;r;rpapy; <Lgl;l mwpQh;fSs; ,g;wh`Pk; my; g]hhp Kjd;ikahff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;. “m];l;;NuhNyhg;” thNdhf;F fUtpia Kjd;Kjypy; ,tNu jpUj;jpaikj;jhh;. fpNuf;fh;fshy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,f; fUtpapy; ,th; gy jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;jhh;. Nkw;F ehl;lth;fs; 17Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu ,f;fUtpia flw; gpuahd myjhdq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpdh;.

my; Fthhp];kp

kj;jpafhy K];ypk; thdpayhsh;fSs; ,th; rpwg;ghff Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth; Mthh;. ‘rp[;’ vd;w ngahpy; ngWkjp tha;e;j xU thdpay; ml;ltiziaj jahhpj;jhh;. “m]l;NuhNyhg;” fUtpiag;gw;wp ,U E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;.

01.  fpjhGy; mky; my; m];jh;Nyhg; (jahhpf;Fk; Kiw)

02.  fpjhGy; mky; gpy; m];jh;Nyhg; (cgNahfpf;Fk; Kiw)

my; gh;`hdp

,tH fp.gp 9Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j Gfo; ngw;w thdpay; mwpQuhthh;. fyPgh Kjtf;fpypd; Mizapd; Nghpy; ‘G];jhj;’ vDk; ,lj;jpy;  ieNyh kPw;wh; (iey; ejp nghq;fp vOk; cauj;ij mwpa cjTk; fUtp) mikf;fg;gl;l nghOJ mjid Nkw;ghh;it nra;jhh;. ‘my; Kj;fpy; ,yh ,y;kp `ahj;jpy; mg;yhf;’ (thdpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; %yfq;fs;) vDk; ngahpy; E}y; xd;iw vOjpdhh;.

my; gjhdp

INuhg;gpahpilNa ‘my; gldpa];’ vDk; ngahpy; mwpKfkhapUe;j my; gjhdp K];ypk; cyfk; Njhw;Wtpj;j kpfg; ngUk; thdpay; mwpQh;fSs; xUtuhthh;. my; gjhdpAk; my; gh;`hdpAk; ‘INuhg;gpah;fspd; Mrphpah;fs’; vd kjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs;. 30 tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf Nfhs;fisAk; el;rj;jpuq;fisAk; mtjhdpj;J mtw;wpd; ,af;fq;fis Muha;r;rp nra;J mjdbg;gilapy; Gfo; ngw;w my; gjhdp ml;ltizfis jahhpj;jhh;.  xU tUlk; vd;gJ 365 ehl;fs;> 3 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;> 46 epkplq;fs;> 24 tpdhbfs; vd;W epWtpdhh;. rp[;[{y; `gp vd;w ngahpy; thdpay; E}y; xd;iwAk; vOjpdhh;.

mGy; tgh

my; gjhdpf;Fg; gpd;dh; fp.gp 10Mk; E}w;whz;by; Gfo; ngw;w thdpayhsuhf tpsq;fpath; ‘my; tgh’ Mthh;. thdpay; Jiwapy; kl;Lkd;wp fzpjj; JiwapYk; <LghL nfhz;l ,th; njhykpd; re;jpud; gw;wpa nfhs;ifapy; gy FiwghLfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;baNjhL rhpahd fUj;Jf;fisAk; tpsf;fpdhh;. “rp[;[{\; \hkpy;” vDk; thdpay; ml;ltizfisf; nfhz;l E}y; ,tuJ tplhKaw;rpf;Fk; $h;ikahd mtjhdj;jpw;Fk; rpwe;j rhd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

thdpay; Jiwf;fhd K];ypq;fspd; gq;fspg;G fpNuf;fh;fspd; jj;JthPjpahd rpe;jidfisAk; ,e;jpah;fspd; jphpNfhz fzpj KiwfisAk; kpQ;rf; $ba tifapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. K];ypk;fshy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;l Vuhskhd thdpay; cgfuzq;fs; INuhg;ghtpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;L INuhg;gpauhy; NkYk; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;L G+uzj;Jtk; ngw;wd.

rHtNjr thdtpayhsH rq;fj;jpdH 1935,y; xd;W$b re;jpudpd; tbtikg;ig 672 myFfshf tFj;jdh;. mtw;wpy; 609 myFfSf;F ,j;Jiwapd; tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpa thdtpayhsHfspd; ngah;fisr; #l;bAs;sdh;. re;jpudpd; Kfg;G 25  myFfshf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; 13 myFfSf;F K];ypk;fspd; ngaHfs; #l;lg;gl;Ls;sd. mtHfspd; ngaHfs; tUkhW.

1.   kh\h my;yh`;

2.   fyPgh k/%d;

3.   my;gh;fhdp

4.   my;gjhdp

5.   ]hgpj;

6.   mg;JH; uFkhd; m];]_gp

7.   my;`]d; my;i`jk;

8.   m];]h;fhyp

9.   [hgph; gpd; mg;yh`;

10.  e];Uj;jPd; J}]p

11.  my; gpj;U[p

12.  mGy; gpjh

13.  cY}`; Ngf;

K];ypk; mwpQHfs; thdtpaw; Jiwapd; tsh;r;rpf;F Mw;wpa gq;fpid rh;tNjr thdtpayhsh;fs; mq;fPfhpj;Js;sdh; vd;gijNa ,it fhz;gpf;fpd;wd.

Gtpapay; Jiw

 Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;G> cUtk;> ngsjPf cWg;Gf;fs;> vy;iyfs;> fhyepiy> cw;gj;jpfs;> Fbkf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tphpthf MuhAk; xU JiwNa Gtpapay; MFk;.

J}z;ba fhuzq;fs;

01 my; Fh;Mdpd; J}z;Ljy;

,];yhkpa J}ij epWTtjw;fhf Gtpapay; gw;wpAk; Gtpapy; tho;e;J Nghd gy r%fq;fs; gw;wpAk; my;FHMd; vLj;Jf;fhl;bAk; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;f epfo;Tfs; ,lk; ngw;w jsq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b mt;tplq;fisj; Njbg;ghh;f;Fk; Mtiy kdpjh;fsplj;jpy; J}z;baJ. ‘f`;G’ vDk; mj;jpahak; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;w Fif thrpfs; jq;fpa J}ghd; nts;sj;jpd; NghJ E}`; miy (]y;) Vwp ,Ue;j fg;gy; nrd;wile;j ‘[_jp’ vDk; kiy> Mj; j%j; $l;lq;fs; tho;e;j ,lk;> kiyfisf; File;J nra;j tPLfspy; tho;e;jth;fs;> mopf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vd;gd gw;wp mq;F Fwpg;gpl;ltw;iw Muha;e;J ghh;f;f K];ypk; mwp;Qh;fs; J}z;lg;gl;ldh;.

“mtd; jhd; thdq;fisj; J}z; ,d;wpNa rpU\;bj;jpUf;fpwhd;. mjid ePq;fSk; ghh;f;fpwPh;fs. G+kp cq;fisf; ftpo;j;J tplhjpUf;Fk; nghUl;L kiyfis mjpy; ehl;bitj;J tpjk;tpjkhd [PtuhrpfisAk; mjpy; gug;gpdhd”;.

                                                           (31:10)

“mth;fs; G+kpapy; Rw;wpj;jphpe;J ,itfisg;ghh;f;f tpy;iyah? mt;thW ghh;g;ghh;fshapd; czh;e;J nfhs;sf; $ba ,Ujaq;fs; mth;fSf;F Vw;gl;bUf;Fk;.”        (22:46)

,t;thW my; Fh;Mdpy; GtpapaYld; njhlh;Gila kiyfs;;> MWfs;> kzy; NkLfs;> kioNkfq;fs;> c\;z> Fsph; Rthj;jpaq;fs;> Mo;flyfs;> fdpg;nghUl;fs;> jq;fk;> nts;sp Nghd;w cNyhfq;fs;> jhtuq;fs;> Fbrdg; guk;gy;> tptrhag; gaph;r; nra;if> mizf;fl;Lf;fs; Kjyhd gy mk;rq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;iw Muha;e;J ghh;f;FkhW J}z;baJ.

02. `[;[_f; flik:

K];ypk;fs; `[;[{f;flikia epiwNtw;Wtjw;F> J}ug;gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;njy;yhk; kf;fhTf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;bapUe;jJ ,];yhkpa rhk;uhr;rpaj;jpd; ehyh Gwq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; kf;fh Nehf;fp tUk; gpujhd ghijfs; ClWj;Jr; nry;Yk; gpuNjrq;fs; mq;Fs;s jl;gntg;gepiy> jq;Fkpl trjpfs; vd;gd gw;wp gpuahzpfSk;> th;j;jfh;fSk; toq;Fk; jfty;fis ikakhf itj;J topfhl;b E}y;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;ld. `[;[{f;fhf kf;fhtpy; xd;W $bah;fs; K];ypk; cyfpd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%ftpay; gw;wp fye;JiuahlTk; jkJ gpuahd mDgtq;fisg; gfph;e;J nfhs;sTk; mJ tha;g;ig mspj;jJ. ,t;tifapy; `[;[{f; flik kf;fspd; Gtpapay; mwpit J}z;lTk; tpUj;jpahf;fTk; top NfhypaJ.

03. fpg;yh jpiria mwpa Ntz;bapUe;jik

njhOifia epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf xt;nthU K];ypKk; jhd; tho;fpdw ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J f/gh ,Uf;Fk; jpiria mwpa Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,jw;fhf Gtpapd; ePs mfy NfhLfs; gw;wpAk;> G+kj;jpa Nuifapy; ,Ue;J vt;tsT J}uj;jpy; ehk; ,Uf;fpNwhk; vd;gJ Nghd;w jfty;fis mwpa Ntz;b Vw;gl;ljhy; K];ypk;fs; Gtpapay; fiyapy; MHtk; fhl;bdH.

04. ,];yhkpa ,uhr;rpa tp];jPuzk;

cyfpy; gue;Jgl;l ,];yhkpa NguuR xd;iw epWTtjw;F ehLfisg; gw;wpa Gtpay; mwpT mNugpa K];ypk;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gl;lJ. K];ypk; Ml;rpahsHfs; gpw Ml;rpahsHfs; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F Kd; jpul;ba Gtpapay; tpguq;fs; Muhr;rpahsHfis mj;Jiwapy; NkYk; NkYk; Ma;Tfs; nra;aj; J}z;bd.

05. tHj;jfj;Jiw <LghL

fpwp];JTf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;Nj mNugpaHfs; tHj;jfj;jpy; <LghL cilatHfshf ,Ue;jdH> Mo; flYk; mfd;w epyKk;  mtHfspd; gpuahzg; ghijfshf tpsq;fpd. ,j;jifa tHj;jf <LghL K];ypk; ehLfisg; gw;wpa Gtpapay; tpguq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s mtHfSf;Fg; nghpJk; cjtpaJ.

06. ,aw;ifr; #oy;

ghiytdg; gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;e;j mNugpa K];ypk;fs; tpz;kPd;fisg; gw;wpAk; fhyepiy khWghLfs; gw;wpAk; muha;tjw;F ,aw;ifr; #oy; trjpahf mike;jJ. ngUk;ghYk; ke;ij Nka;g;gtHfshf njhopy; nra;j mtHfs; jk; ke;ijfSf;Fj; Njitahd Gjpa Gy;ntspfisj; Njb mwpe;jikahy; gy;NtWgl;l epyg;gFjpfis Muha trjpNaw;gl;;lJ.

07. ,];yhkpag; gpurhuk;

08. cyifr; Rw;wpg;ghh;f;f Ntz;ba Mty;

09. gpw nkhop E}y;fs; mugpapy; nkhop ngaHf;fg;gl;lik.

Gtpapay; tsHr;rpf;F K];ypk; mwp;QHfspd; gq;fspg;G

K];ypk;fs; Gtpapay; E}y;fis nkhopngaHg;gJld; ,y;yhJ cyfpd; ehyh gf;fq;fSf;Fk; gpuahzq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L Ma;T nra;jdH. ,jdhy; fpNuf;f> ghurPf> ,e;jpa> fUj;Jf;fspy; fhzg;gl;l gpiofisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b epahakhdJk; cz;ikahdJkhd fUj;Jf;fis MjhuG+Htkhf Kd;itj;jdH. mtHfsJ fUj;Jf;fs; E}YUtpy; gjpf;fg;gl;likahy; mit etPd r%fj;jpw;Fk; topfhl;bfshf mike;jd.

mg;gh]pa fyPghf;fs; Vida mwptpay; Jiwfspd; tsHr;rpf;F cjtpaJ Nghy Gtpapay; Jiwapd; tsHr;rpf;Fk; cjtpajhy; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Gtpapay; Jiw NkYk; Kd;Ndw;wkile;jJ. Gtpapay; Jiwapd; tsHr;rpf;Fg; gq;fhw;wpa K];ypk; mwpQHfSs; `p\hk; my; fy;gp> my;Fthhp];kp> Riykhd; jh[pH> ,g;D FHjhgp`;> my;a/$gp> ,g;D \`;uahH> my; k];Cjp> my; Kfj;j]p> my; gp&dp> my; ,j;hP]p Nghd;wtHfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftHfshtH.

`p\hk; my;fy;gp

 kj;jpa fhyj;jpy;  Gtpapay; tsHr;rpf;Fg; gq;fhw;wpa K];ypk; mwpQHfSs; kpfg; gioik tha;e;jtH `p\hk; my;fy;gp MthH. ,];yhj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhy mNugpahtpd; tuyhw;iwj; njhFj;Jj; je;Js;shH mtuhy; vOjg;gl;l gj;J E}y;fSs; rpy gFjpfNs ,d;W fpilf;ff; $badthf cs;sd.

my; Fthhp];kp

‘my; Nfhhpj;k;’ vd;w ,yj;jPd; ngahpy; INuhg;gpaUf;F mwpKfkhd my; Fthhp];kp mNugpa Gtpapay; tpQ;Qhdj;Jf;F gykhd mj;jpthuk; mikj;jtuhthH. ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;l ‘ fpjhG #wJy; mHo;’ (Gtpapd; mikg;G) vDk; E}y; 14 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu K];ypk; Gtpapay; mwpQHfSf;F cjtf; $ba xU topfhl;b E}yhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,e;E}ypy; ,tH G+kpia VO tyaq;fshfg; gphpj;Js;shH. ,t;thwhd gphpg;G Kiw njhykpapd; E}y;fspy; $l fhzg;gltpy;iy. fyPgh k/%dpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f 70f;F Nkw;gl;l mwpQHfshy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l cyfg; glk; xd;Wk; ,e;E}Yld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Mdhy;> me;jg; glj;ij ,d;W me;j E}Yld; ngw KbahJs;sJ.

,e;E}ypNy mtH Gtp Nfhs tbtkhdJ vd;w fUj;ijg; gy Mjhuq;fSld; ep&gpj;Js;shH. ,e;E}iy thrpj;j gpd;Ng ‘nfhyk;g];’ G+kp Nfhs tbtkhdjhf ,Ue;jhy; Nkw;Fg; Gwkhfr; nrd;W fpof;if mila xU ghij ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUjpg; Gwg;gl;L fp.gp. 1492 Mk; Mz;by; mnkhpf;fhitf; fz;L gpbj;jhH.

Riykhd; jh[pH

Gfo;ngw;w fg;gNyhl;bAk; tHj;jfUkhd Riykhd; jh[pH tHj;jfj;jpd; nghUl;L ,;yq;if> ,e;jpah> rPdh Nghd;w ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;W te;Js;shH. me;ehLfs; gw;wpAk; jdJ flw; gpuahzq;fs; gw;wpAk; rpwe;j jfty;fis mtH ntspapl;Ls;shH.

my; k];Cjp

egpj; NjhoHfSs; xUtuhd k];Cj; (wop) mtHfspd; re;jjpapy; Njhd;wpa my; k];Cjp Gtpapay; Muha;r;rpapy; <Lgl;L Gtpapay; Jiwapd; tsHr;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j XH mwpQuhthH. kpfr; rpW taJ KjNy cyifr; Rw;wpg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mirahy; ,sk; tajpNyNa cyf ahj;jpiuia Muk;gpj;J tpl;lhH. ,;yq;if> ,e;jpah> rPdh> klfh];fH> JUf;fp> fphpah> gy];jPd;> vfpg;J Nghd;w gy;NtW ehLfSf;Fg; gpuahzk; nra;Js;shH. “K];ypk; cyfpd; G+Nfhsf; Fjpiu”> “mNugpahpd; `puNjhj];”> “mNugpahpd; gpspdp” Nghd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaHfshy; miof;fg;gLk; ,tH VO E}y;fis vOjpAs;shH. mtw;Ws; ‘K&[{j; j`g;’ (nghd; tay;fs;)> fpjhGj; jd;gP`; ty; ,];uhg;’ Mfpa ,U E}y;fNs ,d;W fpilf;ff; $badthf cs;sd.

my; gp&dp

,tH Gtpapaypy; kl;Lkd;wp> tuyhW> fzpjk;> thdpay;> jhtutpay;> kUj;Jtk; Nghd;w JiwfspYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhH. ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;l ‘fpjhGy; `pe;j;’ ,e;jpah gw;wpa xU gpuNjrg; Gtpapay; E}y; MFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kj;jpa fhy Gtpapay; tuyhw;iw mwptjw;F ,e;E}y; kpfTk; JizGhpfpd;wJ.

Gtpapaypd; XH mq;fkhd gl tiufiyapYk; (CARTOGRAPHY) mtH <LghL nfhz;bUe;jhH. 1948 Mk; Mz;L [_iy khjk; ghhp]py; rHtNjr fPioj;Nja Muha;r;rpahsHfs; kfhehL $ba NghJ my; gp&dpapd; Mapukhk; Mz;L G+hj;;jpAk; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.

my; Kfj;j]p

fp;.gp. 10 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j my; Kfj;j]p vd;gtUk; rpwe;j Gtpapay; mwpQHfSs; xUtuhthH;. igj;Jy; Kfj;j]; mike;jpUf;Fk; n[&]yj;jpy; ,th; gpwe;jikahy; ‘my; Kfj;j]p’ my;yJ ‘my; kf;jp]p’ vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. RkhH ,UgJ Mz;Lfisg; gpuahzq;fspNyNa fopj;j ,tH gpuahzq;fSf;fhf khj;jpuk; RkhH 10 000 jph;`k’fisr; nrytpl;Ls;shH. ,tH jhd; vOjpa ‘m`;]Dj; jfh]pk;’ vDk; E}ypy; ,];yhkpa ehLfis 14 khfhzq;fshfg; gphpj;J Muha;e;Js;sJld; xt;nthU khfhzj;ijg; gw;wpAk;  vspjhf tpsf;Fk; nghUl;L Njrg; glq;fisAk; ,izj;Js;shH. Njrg; glq;fspy; ghijfs; rptg;gpdhYk;> kzw;wiufs; kQ;rspdhYk;> fly;fs; gr;irapdhYk;> ejpfs; ePyj;jpdhYk;> kiyfs; rhk;gypdhYk; epwe; jPl;lg;gl;bUe;jd.

Gtp Nfhs tbit cilanjd;Wk;> kj;jpa Nfhl;lhy; mJ ,U rk gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;njd;Wk; mJ 360 ghif ghpjpiaAk; kj;jpa Nfhl;bypUe;J xt;nthU Kidf;Fk; 60 ghiffisf; nfhz;lnjd;Wk;  Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

,g;D \`;uahH

rpwe;j ahj;jphpfuhfTk; jpwik tha;e;j fg;gNyhlbahfTk; kjpf;fg;gLk; ,g;D \`;uahH vd;gtUk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Gtpapay; vOj;jhsh;fSs; xUtuhthH. ,uq;if > ,e;jpah> rPdh Nghd;w ehLfs; cl;gl ,w;J rKj;jpuj;jpYs;s gy ehLfSf;Fg; gpuahzk; nra;j jdJ gpuahz mDgtq;fisj; njhFj;J> ‘m[hapGy; `pe;j;’ (,e;jpahtpd; mw;Gjq;fs;) vd;w ngahpy; xU E}iy vOjpdhH.

my; a/$gp

kpfr; rpwe;jGtpapay; vOj;jhsuhd my; a/$gp ,e;jpah Kjy; tl Nkw;F Mgphpf;fh tiu ePz;l gpuahzq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lth;. ,tH jdJ Muha;r;rpfisAk; gpuahz mDgtq;fisAk; itj;J ‘fpjhGy; Gy;jhd;’ (ehLfs; gw;wpa E}y;) vd;w ngahpy; E}nyhd;iw ntspapl;lhH.

my; ,j;hP]p

Gtpapay; mwptpYk; Muha;r;rpapYk; jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;j xUtuhf tpsq;fpa my; ,j;hP]p Kjd; Kjypy; Kiwahd cyfg; glj;ij tiue;j ngUikiag; ngWfpwhh;. ,g;glk; ,d;W yz;ld; E}jd rhiyapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,g;D FHjhgp`;

Muk;g fhy K];ypk; Gtpapay; mwpQHfSs; xUtuhd ,g;D FHjhgp`; gf;jhj; efhpy; gpujk jghy; mjpfhhpahff; flikahw;wpa fhyj;jpy; Gtpapy; Jiwapy; MHtk; nfhz;lhh;.,tH vOjpa ‘fpjhGy; k]hypf; ty; kkhypf;’ (ghijfSk; ,uhr;rpaq;fSk; gw;wpa E}y;) mwG cyfpd; Kf;fpa tHj;jfg; ghijfisg; gw;wpf; $WtJld; ,e;jpah> rPdh> [g;ghd; Nghd;w J}ug; gpuNjrq;fisg; gw;wpa tpguq;fisAk;  gy;NtWgl;l ,];yhkpa ehLfspd; epUthf mikg;G> jghy; tpepNahf Kiw> gpuahzk; nra;tjw;fhd ghijfs;> thp tpjpg;G Kiwfs; Nghd;w tpguq;fisAk; jUfpd;wJ. ,e;E}ypy; cz;ikf;Fg; Gwk;ghd rpy mk;rq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;j NghjpYk; ,e;E}y; gpw;fhyg; Gtpapay; Muha;r;rpahsHfSf;Fg; nghpJk; cjtpaij kWg;gjw;fpy;iy.

tuyhW

,];yhj;jpy; tuyhw;Wf; fiyahdJ> ,];yhkpaf; fUj;Jf;fs;> czh;Tfspd; J}z;Ljypd; mbg;gilapNyNa Njhd;wp tsh;e;jJ. tuyhw;Wf; fiyapy; K];ypk;fs; Mh;tk; nrYj;jpaikf;Fg; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; J}z;Ljy;fshf mike;jd.

1. my;FHMdpd; J}z;Ljy;

my;FHMd; Kd;ida egpkhHfspd; tuyhWfisAk; Kd;ida r%fq;fspd; rhpj;jpu epfo;TfisAk; Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yKk; G+kpapy; gazk; nra;J Kd;ida r%fq;fs; ,iwtdpd; topfhl;liyg; Gwf;fzpj;jjhy; mtHfSf;F epfo;e;j gaq;fuj; jz;lidfisr; rpj;jhpf;Fk; rpfd;dq;fisg; ghh;j;Jg; gbg;gpid ngWk;gb kdpjh;fisg;gzpg;gjd; %yKk; K];ypk;fs; tuyhw;Wf; fiyapy; MHtk; nrYj;jj; J}z;Ljyhf mike;jJ.

2. egpatHfspd; tuyhW> mtHfs; fye;J nfhz;l Aj;jq;fs;;> mtHfsJ eilKiwfs; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhstjpy; K];ypk;fs; fhl;ba Mh;tk;.

3. K];ypk;fshy; Gjpjhff; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fsJk; kf;fsJk; tuyhw;iw mwptjpy; fhl;lg;gl;l MHtk;.

4. jj;jkJ FLk;gj;jpdJk; guk;giuapdJk; tuyhw;iw mwptjpy; ,ay;ghfNt mNugpahplk; ,Ue;j MHtk;.

5. mwpitj; Njbg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; mtrpak; Fwpj;j ,];yhj;jpd; Nghjidfs;.

,];yhj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jf;F Kd;dh; mNugpaH tuyhw;Wld; njhlh;Gila gy jfty;fis epidtpy; itj;jpUe;jdH. Fwpg;ghf jkJ guk;giu gw;wpa jfty;> tk;rhtopf; Fwpg;Gfis mtHfs; ghJfhj;J te;jdH. mwG r%fj;jpy; eilngw;w Nfhj;jpur; rz;ilfs; gw;wpa tuyhw;iwAk; jk; Kd;NdhHfs; gw;wpa epfo;TisAk; fh;z guk;giuf; fijfshff; $wp te;jdH. jkJ Nfhj;jpu tPuh;fspd; tPur; nray;fisf; f]Pjhf;fshfg; ghb kfpo;e;jdH.

,];yhj;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpd; gpd;dh; egp (]y;) mtHfspd; thf;Ffs;> tho;f;ifapd; epfo;Tfs;> mtHfs; gq;F gw;wpa NghHfs; gw;wpa njhFg;GfNs xOq;fhd tuyhw;W E}y;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf mike;jd. `p;[;hp 02Mk; E}w;whz;by; tuyhw;W E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. mit tk;rhtopf; Fwpg;Gfs;> kuG topf; fijfs;> ftpijfs;> fbjq;fs;> cld;gbf;iffs;> FHMd;> ]{d;dh jUk; jfty;fs; Kjyhdtw;iw Mjhukhff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;ld. egp (]y;) mtHfspd; fhyj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;w epfo;Tfisg; gw;wpa gjpNtLfs; Nghy FHMDk; ]{d;dhTk; mike;jpUe;jd. vdNt> egp (]y;) mtHfis ikakhf itj;J FHMd; ]{d;dhtpd; JizAld; Kjypy; tuyhw;W E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. egpatHfs; gq;Fgw;wpa NghHfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; njhFj;J ‘kfh]p’ vDk; jiyg;gpYk; mtHfspd; tho;f;ifj; jfty;fisj; njhFj;J ‘]Puh’ vDk; jiyg;gpYk; vOjpdH. ‘]Puh’ vd;W miof;fg;gl;l tuyhw;Wj; Jiw Ma;Nt gpd;G jhhPf; vdg;gl;l tuyhw;Wf; fiyahf tsHr;rpAw;wJ. vdNt> egpatHfspd; tho;itg; gw;wp mwG tuyhw;Wf; fiy Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhy; kjPdh efH Muk;gfhy tuyhw;Wf; fiyapd; ikakhf tpsq;fpaJ.

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; `jP];> jg;]PH Nghd;w ,];yhkpaf; fiyfSld; ,ize;Nj tuyhw;Wf; fiy tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. `p;[;hp 02Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpd;dNu Vida fiyfs; Nghy tuyhWk; xU jdpf; fiyahf tsh;r;rp fz;lJ.

kjPdhtpy; tuyhw;Wf; fiy tsh;r;rp ngWfpd;w fhyg; gFjpapy; Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l $gh> g]uh Nghd;w efHfspYk; ,f;fiy tsu Muk;gpj;jJ. vdpDk;> mq;F Muk;gj;jpy; [h`pyp;ahf; fhy mwG tuyhw;iw xj;jjhfNt ,f;fiy tsHe;jJ. [h`pyp;ahf; fhyj;jpy; ‘ma;ahKy; mwg;’ vdg;gl;l NghHf; fhyj; jpdq;fs;> jj;jk; guk;giur; rpwg;G vd;gd Ngrg;gl;lJ Nghy; $gh> g]uh efh;fspy; FbNawpa ,tHfSk; Nghh;f;fsq;fspy; jhk; ,];yhj;Jf;fhfr; nra;j tPu jPur; nray;fs;> jpahfq;fs; vd;gdtw;Wld; jk; guk;giu gw;wpAk; NgrpdH. `p;[;hp 02Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; ,g;Gjpa efHfspy; gFj;jpwpTr; rpe;jid nry;thf;Fg; ngwyhapw;W. vdNt> Vida Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;lJ NghyNt tuyhw;Wj; JiwapYk; gFj;jpwpTr; rpe;jid nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpaJ.

tuyhw;W E}y;fs; vOj;J tbT ngWtjw;F Kd; tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs; tha;nkhop %ykhfNt toq;fg;gl;ld. ‘mtdh gpd; my; `fk;’ tha;nkhop %yk; tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fis toq;fpath;fspy; Kf;fpakhdth; Mthh;. vOj;J tbtpy; tuyhw;W E}y;fisj; je;jtHfSs; myp gpd; K`k;kJ gpd; mg;Jy;yh`; kjhapdp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;. kjhapdpapd; tuyhw;W Mf;fq;fs; gp;w;fhy vOj;jhsh;fs; gyhpy; nry;thf;ifg; gjpj;Js;sd. ];ghdpa vOj;jhsuhd ,g;D mg;J ug;gh`p> $gh thrpahd `p\hk; gpd; K`k;kj; fy;gp vd;gtHfspd; mf;fq;fspy; kjhapdpapd; jhf;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l tuyhw;W E}y;fSs; ,g;D ,];`hf; vd;gth; vOjpa ‘]PuJd; egp’ vd;wiof;fg;l;l egp (]y;) mth;fspd; tuyhw;W E}y; thrfh;fSf;Ff; fpilg;gjpy;iy. egpatHfs; gw;wp vOjg;gl;l E}y;fSs; ,d;W thrfh;fSf;Ff; fpilf;ff; $ba kpfg;gioa E}y; ‘,g;D `p\hk;’ vd;gtuhy; vojg;gl;l ‘]PuJd; egp’ vd;w E}yhFk;. egpatHfs; gq;F nfhz;l NghHfs; gw;wpa E}y; xd;iw thfpjp vd;gth; ‘fpjhGy; kfh]p’ vd;w ngahpy; vOjpdhh;. kfh]p E}y;fis tpl ]Puh E}y;fspNyNa mjpfkhd jfty;fs; mike;jpUe;jd.

`p;[;hp 02Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;j tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fspy; ,g;D `p\hk;> kjhapdp> `p\hk; gpd; K`k;kj; fy;gp> K`k;kj; gpd; ckH my; thfpjp Nghd;wtHfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftHfshtH.

`p\hk; gpd; K`k;kj; fy;gp 150f;F Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis vOjpAs;shH. me;ejPk; vd;gth; jdJ gp`;hp];j; vd;w E}y; ml;ltizapy; fy;gpapd; E}y;fs; 129,d; ngah;fisf; Fwpj;Js;shH mtw;Ws; 03 E}y;fs; ,d;W thrfh;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd. `p;[;hp 03Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;j m`;kj; gpd; a`;ah my; gyhJ}hp ‘GJ}`{y; Gy;jhd;’ cDk; tuyhw;W E}iy vOjpdhH. K];ypk;fspd; gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wp ,e;E}ypy; tpghpj;Js;shH.